天然来源

在使用之前一定要研究安全性喵！ 虽然下面列出的植物可能有各种用途，但要注意有些生物体（特别是那些没有条目的）可能含有毒素哦，如果误食或者处理不当，可能会有潜在的风险呢。在把这些生物带回家或种在花园里之前，我们强烈建议您进行彻底的研究，了解具体的安全注意事项，并采取适当的预防措施，特别是如果您有孩子或宠物的话。更多信息请参见：有毒动物、真菌和植物。以及致命真菌物种。


来自 Hallucinogenic Plants (A Golden Guide) 封面的插图

天然来源 指的是自然界中已经存在的精神活性化学物质或其前体。这与在实验室中人工生产或设计的合成精神活性化合物、源自人工真菌生物转化的精神活性物质，或由转基因生物产生的精神活性物质和前体化学品形成对比哦。然而，这些天然化学物质通常也可以通过人工合成来复制，但值得注意的是，它们出现在自然界中或通过人类培育而来。

提出的起源

关于生物体中出现精神活性物质的原因，有各种各样的说法，例如以下这些：

选择性育种

选择性育种是种植者用来在连续几代生物中添加或去除特征的方法，通过将具有所需特性的生物繁殖在一起，希望开发出理想的基因菌株。这可能导致种植者希望产生的精神活性物质的效力和外观都发生了变化呢。[1]

防御机制

自然界中存在精神活性物质的另一个可能原因是它们被用作防御机制。通过自然选择，生物体可能会产生一种用于抵御捕食者的毒药或毒素，[2] 正如在寇蛛属（Latrodectus）蜘蛛中看到的那样，它们的精神活性毒素没有任何奖励价值，反而对其他生物构成威胁。

奖励共生

共同进化也可能鼓励精神活性生物作为一种传播手段出现。也就是说，就像甜美的果实被传播种子的动物自然选择一样，对动物有某种益处的精神活性植物也是如此哦。[3]

遗传相似性

这些物质普遍存在的偶然原因是生物体共有的遗传起源。鉴于它们共享大量的遗传密码，有理由假设这可能是产生与神经递质足够相似以激活受体位点的化学物质的一个因素。例如，许多精神活性化学物质是由色氨酸等氨基酸生物合成的，而在人类中，这种氨基酸用于制造血清素。结果是，自然界中的一些色胺类物质在被摄入时会成为血清素激动剂。

历史意义

精神活性物质的使用深深植根于人类文化中，可以追溯到史前时期。早期社会经常将这些生物纳入他们的医学、灵性或娱乐传统中，例如印度教起源中使用的苏摩（soma），其中许多用途一直延续到现代。一些常见的例子包括基督教圣餐中使用含有乙醇的葡萄酒，以及亚马逊土著人民使用死藤水。

许多这些生物对各种科学领域的进步起到了重要作用，例如生物学、医学、精神探索，并随着它们参与重大发现而继续显示其重要性，例如在发现内源性大麻素之前就发现了大麻素受体。[4][5]

除了内源性化学物质外，在现代合成精神活性物质出现之前，这些生物是人类改变神经化学的唯一手段。它们一直处于重大历史发展的前沿，例如药物疗法、有组织犯罪的资助、60年代的迷幻时代以及当前的“毒品战争”。

示例

下面是关于精神活性物质天然来源的文章索引。除了无生命来源外，它们按生物界分类，每种适用的精神活性类别都有单独的部分，活性成分有子部分，最后是分类学和通用名称。如果名称包含多种物质，或者其活性物质具有多种作用，则可能会出现多次。请注意，通过生物体获得的物质数量并不总是在常规摄入水平下安全和/或有效的，但为了完整起见，这里还是包括了它们。此外，一些生物体是有毒或危险的，因此建议在尝试亲自调查其活性之前进行适当的研究和准备哦。

植物来源
致幻剂
- 麦角灵衍生物
  - Argyreia hookeri (Hooker's woodrose)
  - Argyreia nervosa (银背藤/夏威夷婴儿木玫瑰) "Argyreia nervosa (botany)") [6][7]
  - Argyreia osyrensis [8]
  - Stictocardia queenslandica (Queensland woodrose) [9]
  - Ipomoea purpurea (紫牵牛)[10]
  - Ipomoea tricolor (三色牵牛)[11][12]
  - Ipomoea violacea (海滨月光花)[12]
  - Turbina corymbosa (伞房特朗花/Ololiúqui) "Turbina corymbosa (botany)")[11][13]
- 苯乙胺类物质
  - 麦斯卡林 - 致幻仙人掌
    - Echinopsis lageniformis (玻利维亚火炬)[14]
    - Echinopsis pachanoi (圣佩德罗仙人掌) "Echinopsis pachanoi (botany)")[15][14]
    - Echinopsis peruviana (秘鲁火炬)[16][15][14]
    - Echinopsis puquiensis[15][14]
    - Echinopsis santaensis[14]
    - Echinopsis schoenii[14]
    - Echinopsis scopulicola[14]
    - Echinopsis terscheckii[17]
    - Echinopsis uyupampensis[15]
    - Lophophora diffusa (翠冠玉) [18][19][20]
    - Lophophora echinata (银冠玉) [18][19]
    - Lophophora fricii [18][20]
    - Lophophora jourdaniana [18][20]
    - Lophophora williamsii (乌羽玉/Peyote) "Lophophora williamsii (botany)")[18][21]
  - N-甲基苯乙胺 (NMPEA)
    - Vachellia rigidula
- 色胺类物质
  - 5-HO-DMT (蟾毒色胺)
    - Anadenanthera colubrina (维罗腊肉豆蔻)
    - Anadenanthera peregrina (钙豆)
    - Arundo donax (芦竹)[22]
    - Brosimum acutifolium[23]
    - Diplopterys cabrerana (卡布里琼鸟)
    - Mucuna pruriens (刺毛黧豆)[24]
    - Phalaris sp. (虉草)[25][26]
      - Phalaris aquatica (水生虉草)
  - 5-MeO-DMT
    - Anadenanthera colubrina (维罗腊肉豆蔻)
    - Anadenanthera peregrina (钙豆)
    - Arundo donax (芦竹) [22]
    - Delosperma sp (露子花)[27]
      - Delosperma cooperi
    - Diplopterys cabrerana (卡布里琼鸟)
    - Phalaris sp. (虉草) [25][28][29]
      - Phalaris aquatica (水生虉草)
    - Phyllodium pulchellum (排钱树)
    - Virola elongata
    - Virola sebifera
    - Virola theiodora[30]
  - 5-MeO-NMT
    - Arundo donax (芦竹)[22]
  - DMT
    - Anadenanthera colubrina (维罗腊肉豆蔻)
    - Anadenanthera peregrina (钙豆)
    - Delosperma sp. (露子花)[27]
    - Desmanthus illinoensis (伊利诺伊合欢草) [31]
    - Desmodium gangeticum (大叶山蚂蝗)
    - Diplopterys cabrerana (卡布里琼鸟)
    - Mimosa tenuiflora (细花含羞草) "Mimosa tenuiflora (botany)")[32]
    - Phalaris sp. (虉草)[28][25]
      - Phalaris aquatica (水生虉草)
    - Phragmites australis (芦苇)[27]
    - Phyllodium pulchellum (排钱树)
    - Psychotria viridis (绿九节) "Psychotria viridis (botany)")[33]
    - Vachellia seyal (Acacia seyal)[34]
    - Virola elongata
    - Virola sebifera
    - 致幻金合欢 [35]
      - Acacia acuminata [36][37]
      - Acacia baileyana [38][39]
      - Acacia burkittii[40][41]
      - Acacia confusa (台湾相思)[42][43]
      - Acacia courtii[44]
      - Acacia concurrens [45]
      - Acacia floribunda [46][47]
      - Acacia jibberdingensis [48]
      - Acacia longifolia [49][50]
      - Acacia maidenii [51][52]
      - Acacia neurophylla [53]
        
        Acacia neurophylla var. neurophylla
        
        Acacia neurophylla var. erugata
      - Acacia obtusifolia [54][55]
      - Acacia phlebophylla [56][57]
      - Acacia prominens [58]
      - Acacia simplex [59]
    - 死藤水藤蔓
      - Banisteriopsis muricata
      - Banisteriopsis caapi (卡皮木)
      - Alicia anisopetala (黑死藤水)
  - 伊波加生物碱
    - Tabernaemontana africana
    - Tabernaemontana crassa
    - Tabernaemontana pandacaqui
    - Tabernaemontana undulata (Bëcchëte) [60][61]
    - Tabernanthe iboga (伊波加) "Tabernanthe iboga (botany)")[62][60]>[61]
    - Tabernanthe orientalis
    - Tabernanthe pubescens
    - Trachelospermum jasminoides (络石)
    - Voacanga africana[62][60][61]
解离剂
- κ-阿片受体激动剂
  - 阿枯米辛 (Akuammicine)
    - Picralima nitida (Akuamma) [63]
  - 阿枯米定 (Akuammidine)
    - Picralima nitida (Akuamma)[63]
  - 伊波加生物碱
    - Tabernaemontana
    - Tabernaemontana pandacaqui
    - Tabernaemontana undulata (Bëcchëte)[60][61]
    - Tabernanthe iboga (伊波加) "Tabernanthe iboga (botany)")[62][60][61]
    - Voacanga africana[62][60][61]
  - 荆芥内酯 (Nepetalactone)
    - Nepeta caesarea[64]
    - Nepeta cataria (猫薄荷)[65]
  - Pawhuskin A, B, C
    - Dalea purpurea (紫穗槐)
  - 鼠尾草素 (Salvinorins)
    - 鼠尾草素甲
      - 迷幻鼠尾草 [66]
      - Salvia recognita (土耳其悬崖鼠尾草) [67]
      - Salvia glutinosa (朱庇特鼠尾草)[67]
  - 苦参碱和氧化苦参碱
    - Sophora flavescens (苦参)
- NMDA受体拮抗剂
  - 氯仿
    - 各种藻类[68]
  - 霍奇金碱 (Hodgkinsine)
    - Calycodendron milnei
    - Psychotria colorata
    - Psychotria lyciiflora
  - 伊波加生物碱
    - 夹竹桃科
      - 狗牙花属 (Tabernaemontana)
        
        Tabernaemontana pandacaqui
        
        Tabernaemontana undulata (Bëcchëte)[60][61]
      - Tabernanthe 属
        
        Tabernanthe iboga (伊波加) "Tabernanthe iboga (botany)")[62][60][61]
      - 马铃果属 (Voacanga)
        
        Voacanga africana[62][60][61]
  - Psychotridine
    - Psychotria beccarioides
    - Psychotria colorata
    - Psychotria forsteriana
    - Psychotria lyciiflora
    - Psychotria oleoides
  - 钩藤碱 (Rhynchophylline)
    - Mitragyna speciosa (卡痛)
    - Uncaria rhynchophylla (钩藤)
    - Uncaria tomentosa (猫爪草)
谵妄剂
- 毒蕈碱拮抗剂
  - Platyphylline[69]
    - Senecio adnatus[70]
    - Senecio hygrophylus[70]
    - Senecio platyphylloides[70]
    - Senecio platyphyllus[70]
    - Senecio rhombifolius[70]
  - 托烷类生物碱
    - 颠茄属
      - Atropa belladonna (颠茄) "Atropa belladonna (botany)")
    - 木曼陀罗属
      - Brugmansia arborea
      - Brugmansia aurea
      - Brugmansia insignis
      - Brugmansia sanguinea
      - Brugmansia suaveolens
      - Brugmansia versicolor
      - Brugmansia vulcanicola
    - Datura (曼陀罗)
      - Datura ceratocaula
      - Datura discolor
      - Datura ferox
      - Datura innoxia (毛曼陀罗)
      - Datura leichhardtii
      - Datura metel (洋金花)
      - Datura stramonium (曼陀罗)
      - Datura quercifolia
      - Datura wrightii
    - 杜波西亚属 (软木树)
      - Duboisia hopwoodii [71]
      - Duboisia leichhardtii [72]
      - Duboisia myoporoides [73]
    - 古柯科
      - Erythroxylum australe
      - Erythroxylum ecarinatum [74][75]
      - Erythroxylum cuneatum
      - Erythroxylum vaccinifolium [76]
      - Erythroxylum zambesiacum
    - 天仙子属
      - Hyoscyamus albus
      - Hyoscyamus aureus
      - Hyoscyamus boveanus
      - Hyoscyamus desertorum
      - Hyoscyamus niger (天仙子) "Hyoscyamus niger (botany)")
      - Hyoscyamus muticus
      - Hyoscyamus pusillus
      - Hyoscyamus reticulatus
    - 曼德拉草属
      - Mandragora officinarum (曼德拉草)
    - Latua
      - Latua pubiflora
- 非典型/存疑
  - 肉豆蔻醚
    - Anethum graveolens (莳萝)
    - Apium graveolens (芹菜)
    - Apium nodiflorum [77]
    - Carum carvi (葛缕子)
    - Daucus carota (胡萝卜)
    - Ephedra sinica (麻黄) "Ephedra sinica (botany)")
    - Foeniculum vulgare (茴香)
    - Heracleum anisactis [78]
    - Heracleum pastinacifolium [79]
    - Myristica fragrans (肉豆蔻) "Myristica fragrans (botany)")
    - Pastinaca sativa (防风草)
    - Perilla frutescens (紫苏)
    - Petroselinum crispum (欧芹)
  - 红没药醇萜烯
    - 洋甘菊 "Chamomile (botany)")
  - 辣椒素类
    - 辣椒素
      - 辣椒属
  - 黄酮类化合物
    - 洋甘菊 "Chamomile (botany)")
  - 木藜芦毒素
    - Rhododendron ponticum 花蜜 (疯蜜) [80]
  - 喇叭茶醇 (Ledol)
    - 喇叭茶
      - Rhododendron tomentosum
      - Rhododendron groenlandicum
      - Rhododendron neoglandulosum
大麻素
- 烷基酰胺
  - Echinacea (紫锥菊)
- 石竹烯
  - Cannabis (大麻)
    - Cannabis sativa
    - Cannabis indica
    - Cannabis ruderalis
  - Humulus lupulus (啤酒花)
  - Piper nigrum (黑胡椒)
  - Rosmarinus oficinalis (迷迭香)
  - Syzygium aromaticum (丁香)
- 儿茶素
  - Camellia sinensis (茶)
- 植物大麻素
  - CBG
    - Helichrysum umbraculigerum
  - THC, CBD, CBG 等
    - Cannabis (大麻)
      - Cannabis sativa
      - Cannabis indica
      - Cannabis ruderalis
  - Perrottetinene
    - Radula complanata
    - Radula laxiramea
    - Radula marginata
    - Radula perrottetii
  - 醉椒素 (Yangonin)
    - Piper methysticum (卡瓦)
    - Ranunculus (毛茛属)
抑制剂
- 阿片类药物
  - 7-羟基米特拉吉宁
    - Mitragyna speciosa (卡痛)
  - 阿枯米定 (Akuammidine)
    - Picralima nitida (Akuamma)[63]
  - 阿枯米ine (Akuammine)
    - Picralima nitida (Akuamma)[63]
  - Alpha,7alpha,7a alpha-荆芥内酯
    - Nepeta cataria (猫薄荷)
  - Elaeocarpenine, isoelaeocarpicine, isoelaeocarpine, elaeocarpine
    - Elaeocarpus fuscoides
  - Grandisine A, B, C, D, E, F, G
    - Elaeocarpus grandis
  - Hasubanan 生物碱
    - Stephania japonica (千金藤)
  - 霍奇金碱 (Hodgkinsine)
    - Calycodendron milnei
    - Psychotria colorata
    - Psychotria lyciiflora
  - Isoelaeocarpiline
    - Elaeocarpus grandis
  - 莴苣阿片 (Lactucarium)
    - Lactuca virosa (野莴苣)
  - 米特拉吉宁 (Mitragynine)
    - Mitragyna speciosa (卡痛)
  - 吗啡, 可待因
    - Papaver somniferum (罂粟) "Papaver somniferum (botany)")
  - 荆芥内酯 (Nepetalactone)
    - Nepeta caesarea[64]
    - Nepeta cataria (猫薄荷)[65]
  - 羟考酮
    - Epipactis helleborine (火烧兰)
  - Pawhuskin A, B, C
    - Dalea purpurea (紫穗槐)
  - 百里醌
    - Nigella sativa (黑种草)
- GABA能药物
  - 芹菜素
    - 洋甘菊 "Chamomile (botany)")
    - Turnera diffusa (达米阿那)
  - 卡瓦内酯 (Kavalactones)
    - Piper methysticum (卡瓦)
  - 月桂烯
    - Cannabis (大麻)
    - Cananga odorata (依兰)
    - Humulus lupulus (啤酒花)
    - Petroselinum crispum (欧芹)
    - Thymus serpyllum (铺地百里香)
  - 缬草酸 [81]
    - Valeriana officinalis (缬草)
  - 未知活性成分
    - Passiflora incarnata (西番莲)[82]
    - Passiflora actinia[83]
兴奋剂
- 苯丙胺类物质
  - 卡西 (Cathine)
    - Catha edulis (恰特草)
  - 卡西酮
    - Catha edulis (恰特草)
  - 麻黄碱
    - Ephedra sinica (麻黄) "Ephedra sinica (botany)")
- 胆碱能药物
  - 槟榔碱
    - Areca catechu (槟榔)
  - 尼古丁
    - 杜波西亚属 (软木树)
      - Duboisia hopwoodii
    - 烟草
      - Nicotiana acuminata
      - Nicotiana africana
      - Nicotiana alata
      - Nicotiana attenuata
      - Nicotiana benthamiana
      - Nicotiana clevelandii
      - Nicotiana excelsior
      - Nicotiana glauca
      - Nicotiana glutinosa
      - Nicotiana langsdorffii
      - Nicotiana longiflora
      - Nicotiana occidentalis
      - Nicotiana obtusifolia
      - Nicotiana otophora
      - Nicotiana plumbaginifolia
      - Nicotiana quadrivalvis
      - Nicotiana rustica
      - Nicotiana suaveolens
      - Nicotiana sylvestris
      - Nicotiana quadrivalvis
      - Nicotiana tabacum
      - Nicotiana tomentosiformis
  - N-甲基苯基乙醇胺 (Halostachine)
    - Halostachys belangeriana
- 托烷类生物碱
  - 可卡因
    - 古柯科
      - Erythroxylum coca [84]
      - Erythroxylum novogranatense [85]
  - Meteloidine (类可卡因生物碱)
    - 古柯科
      - Erythroxylum australe [86]
  - Halostachine
    - 茶碱
      - Cola acuminata (可乐果)
      - Cola nitida
      - Paullinia cupana (瓜拉纳)
      - Ilex paraguariensis (马黛茶)
      - Ilex vomitoria
- 黄嘌呤类生物碱
  - 咖啡因
    - 咖啡 "Coffea (botany)")
      - Coffea arabica
      - Coffea robusta
    - Cola acuminata
    - Cola nitida
    - Paullinia cupana (瓜拉纳)
    - Ilex guayusa
    - Ilex paraguariensis (马黛茶)
    - Ilex vomitoria
  - 苦茶碱
    - Theobroma grandiflorum (古布阿苏)
  - 可可碱
    - Cola acuminata
    - Cola nitida
    - Theobroma cacao (可可树)
    - Theobroma grandiflorum (古布阿苏)
    - Paullinia cupana (瓜拉纳)
    - Ilex paraguariensis (马黛茶)
    - Ilex vomitoria
- 育亨宾
  - Pausinystalia johimbe (育亨宾树)
  - Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco
调节剂
- 生物利用度调节剂
  - 呋喃香豆素
    - Citrus × paradisi (葡萄柚)
    - Citrus maxima (柚子)
  - 胡椒碱
    - Piper longum (荜拨)
    - Piper nigrum (黑胡椒)
- GABA能药物
  - 卡瓦内酯 (Kavalactones)
    - Piper methysticum (卡瓦)
  - 月桂烯
    - Cananga odorata (依兰)
    - Cannabis (大麻)
    - Humulus lupulus (啤酒花)
    - Petroselinum crispum (欧芹)
    - Thymus serpyllum (铺地百里香)
- 左旋多巴
  - Mucuna pruriens (刺毛黧豆)
- 单胺氧化酶抑制剂
  - 非选择性 MAO-A/MAO-B 抑制剂
    - 肉豆蔻醚
      - Anethum graveolens (莳萝)
      - Myristica fragrans (肉豆蔻) "Myristica fragrans (botany)")
      - Pastinaca sativa (防风草)
      - Petroselinum crispum (欧芹)
    - 胡椒碱
      - Piper longum (荜拨)
      - Piper nigrum (黑胡椒)
  - 可逆性单胺氧化酶A抑制剂 (RIMA)
    - 骆驼蓬碱生物碱
      - Hippophae rhamnoides (沙棘)
      - Festuca arundinacea (高羊茅)
      - Lolium perenne (黑麦草)
      - Nectandra megapotamica
      - Newbouldia laevis
      - Ochrosia nakaiana
      - 西番莲科
        
        Passiflora actinia
        
        Passiflora alata
        
        Passiflora alba
        
        Passiflora bryonoides
        
        Passiflora caerulea (蓝花西番莲)
        
        Passiflora capsularis
        
        Passiflora decaisneana
        
        Passiflora edulis (百香果)
        
        Passiflora eichleriana
        
        Passiflora foetida
        
        Passiflora incarnata (西番莲)
        
        Passiflora quadrangularis
        
        Passiflora ruberosa
        
        Passiflora warmingii
      - Peganum nigellastrum
      - Strychnos usambarensis
    - 哈尔明碱 (Harmaline)
      - Peganum harmala (骆驼蓬) "Peganum harmala (botany)")
      - Passiflora incarnata (西番莲)
  - 选择性 MAO-A 抑制剂
    - 骆驼蓬碱生物碱
      - 咖啡 "Coffea (botany)")[87]
      - Banisteriopsis caapi (卡皮木)
      - Nicotiana (烟草)
      - Passiflora incarnata (西番莲)
      - Peganum harmala (骆驼蓬) "Peganum harmala (botany)")
  - 选择性 MAO-B 抑制剂
    - 大麦芽碱 (Hordenine)
      - Ariocarpus fissuratus (龟甲牡丹)
      - Boronia inornata[88]
      - Boronia gracilipes[88]
      - Echinopsis candicans
      - Echinopsis pachanoi (圣佩德罗仙人掌) "Echinopsis pachanoi (botany)")
      - Hordeum vulgare L. (大麦)
      - Lophophora diffusa (翠冠玉)[18][19][20]
      - Lophophora williamsii (乌羽玉) "Lophophora williamsii (botany)")[18][21]
      - Panicum miliaceum (黍)
      - Phalaris sp. (虉草)[29]
        
        Phalaris aquatica (水生虉草)
      - Sorghum vulgare (高粱)
    - 卡瓦内酯 (Kavalactones)
      - Piper methysticum (卡瓦)
- 阿片能药物
  - 姜黄素
    - Curcuma longa (姜黄)
- 再摄取抑制剂
  - 贯叶金丝桃素 (Hyperforin)
    - Hypericum perforatum (贯叶连翘/圣约翰草)[89]
- SNDRI
  - 可卡因
    - 古柯科
- SRI
  - 麦斯番龙 (Mesembrine), Mesembrenone
    - Sceletium tortuosum (Kanna)
  - Noribogaine
    - Tabernanthe iboga (伊波加) "Tabernanthe iboga (botany)")
  - 藏红花醛 (Saffranal) [90]
    - Achillea distans
    - Calycopteris floribunda
    - Centaurea amanicola
    - Centaurea consanguinea
    - Centaurea sibthorpii
    - Crocus heuffelianus
    - Crocus sativus (藏红花)
    - Erodium cicutarium
    - Sambucus nigra (接骨木)
  - 四氢哈尔明碱
    - Banisteriopsis caapi (卡皮木)
促梦剂
- 胆碱能药物
  - 加兰他敏
    - Galanthus caucasicus
    - Galanthus nivalis (雪滴花)
    - Galanthus woronowii
    - Leucojum aestivum (夏雪片莲)
    - Lycoris radiata (石蒜/彼岸花)
    - Narcissus spp (水仙)
前体
- 麦角灵衍生物
  - LSA -> LSD
    - Stipa robusta (瞌睡草)
- 阿片类药物
  - 吗啡 -> 海洛因
    - Papaver somniferum (罂粟)
- 苯丙素类 -> 苯乙胺类物质 / 烯丙基苯 / 醛类
  - 茴香脑
    - Glycyrrhiza glabra (甘草)
    - Paullinia cupana (瓜拉纳) [91]
    - Pimpinella anisum (茴香)
    - Syzygium anisatum
    - Tagetes lucida (墨西哥龙蒿)
  - 芹菜脑 (Apiole) -> DMMDA
    - Anethum graveolens (莳萝)
    - Apium graveolens (芹菜)
    - Foeniculum vulgare (茴香)
    - Oenanthe aquatica
    - Oenanthe crocata
    - Petroselinum crispum (欧芹)
    - Piper cubeba (荜澄茄)
    - Peperomia pelucida (草胡椒)
    - Sassafras albidum (檫木)
  - 细辛脑 (Alpha, Beta, Gamma) -> TMA-2[92]
    - Acorus calamus (菖蒲)
  - Carpacin
    - Carpano Tree (未知的樟属物种)
    - Crowea (属)
  - 萎叶酚 (Chavibetol)
    - Piper betel (蒌叶)
    - Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus
  - 肉桂醛
    - 樟属 (肉桂)
      - Cinnamomum cassia (肉桂)
      - Cinnamomum osmophloeum (土肉桂)[93]
      - Cinnamomum verum (锡兰肉桂)[93]
      - Cinnamomum wilsoni
  - Croweacin
    - Crowea saligna
    - Crowea angustifolia var. angustifolia
    - Ruta graveolens (芸香)
  - Exalatacin
    - Crowea Exalata
    - Crowea angustifolia var. angustifolia
  - 榄香素
    - Backhousia myrtifolia
    - Canarium luzonicum
    - Lagarostrobos franklinii[94]
    - Melaleuca bracteata (仅在某些化学型中)[95]
    - Melaleuca squamophloia
  - 丁香酚 / 甲基丁香酚[96]
    - Anethum graveolens (莳萝)
    - Apium graveolens (芹菜)
    - Backhousia myrtifolia[97]
    - Cinnamomum tamala
    - Cinnamomum wilsoni
    - Lagarostrobos franklinii[98]
    - Laurus nobilis (月桂)
    - Illicium anisatum (日本莽草)
    - Melaleuca leucadendra (白千层)
    - Melissa officinalis (柠檬香蜂草)
    - Ocimum basilicum (罗勒)
    - Ocimum gratissimum (丁香罗勒)
    - Ocimum tenuiflorum (圣罗勒)
    - Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus (Cataia)
    - Syzygium aromaticum (丁香) "Syzygium aromaticum (botany)")
    - Tagetes lucida (墨西哥龙蒿)
    - Zingiber officinale (生姜)
  - 异丁香酚
    - Cananga odorata (依兰)
  - Isomethyleugenlol
    - Melaleuca bracteata (仅在某些化学型中)
    - Melaleuca leucadendra [95]
  - Pseudoisoeugenol (异丁香酚的异构体)
  - 草蒿脑 (甲基胡椒酚) / 胡椒酚
    - Artemisia dracunculus (龙蒿)
    - Clausena anisata
    - Foeniculum vulgare (茴香)
    - Ocimum basilicum (罗勒)
    - Piper betle (蒌叶)
    - Pimpinella anisum (茴香)
    - Pimenta racemosa
    - Syzygium anisatum
    - Tagetes lucida (墨西哥龙蒿)
  - 肉豆蔻醚 -> MMDA
    - Anethum graveolens (莳萝)
    - Bunium Cylindricum
    - Myristica fragrans (肉豆蔻) "Myristica fragrans (botany)")
    - Pastinaca sativa (防风草)
    - Petroselinum crispum (欧芹)
  - Nothoapiole
    - Bunium bulbocastanum
    - Carum nigrum
    - Crowea angustifolia
    - Perilla frutescens (紫苏)
    - Pleurospermum angelicoides
  - 原儿茶醛
    - Phellinus linteus (桑黄 - 真菌)
  - 黄樟素 (-> 异黄樟素) -> MDMA
    - Atherosperma moschatum
    - Beilschmiedia obtusifolia
    - Boronia safrolifera
    - Cinnamomum baileyanum[99]
    - Cinnamomum burmannii
    - Cinnamomum camphora (樟树)[100]
    - Cinnamomum iners
    - Cinnamomum laubatii [101]
    - Cinnamomum mollissimum[102]
    - Cinnamomum oliveri[103]
    - Cinnamomum petrophilum[102]
    - Cinnamomum propinquum
    - Cinnamomum virens
    - Crowea exalata
    - Daphnandra apatela
    - Daphnandra johnsonii
    - Daphnandra repandula
    - Daphnandra tenuipes
    - Doryphora aromatica
    - Doryphora sassafras
    - Eremophila longifolia (鸸鹋灌木) [104][105]
    - Juniper virginiana
    - Ocotea cymbarum (巴西檫木)[100]
    - Ocotea pretiosa
    - 胡椒科
      - Piper auritum (圣叶胡椒)
      - Piper callosum
      - Piper hispidinervum [106][107]
      - Piper nigrum (黑胡椒) "Piper nigrum (botany)")[108][109]
    - Sassafras albidum (檫木)[100]
    - Virola calophylla
    - Zieria arborescens[110]
    - Zieria Smithii
  - 丁香醛
    - Pilosocereus pachycladus[111]
真菌来源
致幻剂
- 5-MeO-DMT
  - Dictyonema huaorani
- DMT
  - Dictyonema huaorani
  - Amanita citrina (微量)
- 5-HO-DMT (蟾毒色胺)
  - Amanita citrina
- 赛洛西宾蘑菇
  - 培奥斯汀 (Baeocystin)
    - Psilocybe azurenscens (Stamets and Gartz 1995)
    - Panaeolus cyanescens (蓝褶花褶伞)
    - Psilocybe cubensis (古巴裸盖菇) (Gartz 1994; Stijve and de Meijer 1993)
    - Psilocybe cyanescens (蓝盖裸盖菇)
    - Psilocybe mexicana (墨西哥裸盖菇)
    - Psilocybe subaeruginosa
    - Psilocybe semilanceata (半裸盖菇) (Gartz 1994)
  - Norbaeocystin
    - Panaeolus cyanescens (蓝褶花褶伞)
    - Psilocybe cubensis (古巴裸盖菇)
    - Psilocybe cyanescens (蓝盖裸盖菇)
    - Psilocybe mexicana (墨西哥裸盖菇)
    - Psilocybe subaeruginosa
  - 赛洛辛
    - Massospora platypediae (syn. Massospora aff. levispora)[112]
    - Psilocybe azurenscens (Stamets and Gartz 1995)
    - Panaeolus cyanescens (蓝褶花褶伞)
    - Psilocybe cubensis (古巴裸盖菇) (Gartz 1994; Stijve and de Meijer 1993)
    - Psilocybe cyanescens (蓝盖裸盖菇)
    - Psilocybe mexicana (墨西哥裸盖菇)
    - Psilocybe subaeruginosa
    - Psilocybe semilanceata (半裸盖菇) (Gartz 1994)
  - 赛洛西宾
    - Dictyonema huaorani
    - Massospora levispora[112]
    - Massospora platypediae (syn. Massospora aff. levispora)[112]
    - Psilocybe azurenscens (Stamets and Gartz 1995)
    - Panaeolus cyanescens (蓝褶花褶伞)
    - Psilocybe cubensis (古巴裸盖菇) (Gartz 1994; Stijve and de Meijer 1993)
    - Psilocybe cyanescens (蓝盖裸盖菇)
    - Psilocybe mexicana (墨西哥裸盖菇)
    - Psilocybe subaeruginosa
    - Psilocybe semilanceata (半裸盖菇) (Gartz 1994)
解离剂
- (2R), (1'R) 和 (2R), (1'S)-2-氨基-3-(1,2-二羧基乙硫基)丙酸
  - Amanita muscaria (毒蝇伞) *推测
  - Amanita pantherina (豹斑毒鹅膏)[113]
大麻素
- 花生四烯乙醇胺
  - Tuber melanosporum (黑松露)
抑制剂
- GABA能药物
  - 醇类
    - 乙醇
      - 酵母
  - 蝇蕈醇
    - Amanita muscaria (毒蝇伞)
    - Amanita pantherina (豹斑毒鹅膏)
  - 刺毛黧豆氨酸
    - Amanita muscaria (毒蝇伞)
兴奋剂
- 卡西酮
  - Massospora cicadina[112]
前体
- 麦角灵衍生物
  - LSA -> LSD
    - 麦角
动物来源

这些动物会产生毒液来防御捕食者哦。无脊椎动物（如昆虫）会进行叮咬或咬伤，而脊椎动物（如青蛙和蟾蜍）则被“挤奶”以获取分泌物，这些分泌物可以被抽吸（例如科罗拉多河蟾蜍）或烧进皮肤（例如 kambo）。

致幻剂
- 5-Br-DMT
  - Smenospongia aurea
  - Smenospongia echina
  - Verongula rigida
- 5-HO-DMT (蟾毒色胺)
  - Homo sapiens (人类)[114]
    - 自闭症人士
    - 精神分裂症人士
  - 树蛙
    - 雨蛙属 (Hyla Spp.)
    - 雨滨蛙属 (Litoria Spp.)
    - 蛙属 (Rana Spp.)
- 蟾毒素
  - 5-HO-DMT (蟾毒色胺)
    - 蟾蜍
      - Bufo alvarius[115]
      - Bufo arenarum[115]
      - Bufo paracnemis[115]
      - Bufo variegatus[115]
      - Melanophryniscus moreiare[115]
      - Rana dalmativa[115]
  - 5-MeO-DMT
    - Bufo alvarius (科罗拉多河蟾蜍)[115]
谵妄剂
- 庞尼拉毒素 (Poneratoxin)
  - Paraponera clavata (子弹蚁)
- 树眼镜蛇毒素 7 (Dendrotoxin 7)[116]
  - 曼巴属 (Dendroaspis)
解离剂
- NMDA受体拮抗剂
  - Agatoxin
    - Agelenopsis aperta (漏斗网蜘蛛)
  - Argiotoxin
    - Araneus gemma (猫脸蜘蛛)
    - Argiope lobata
  - Joro toxin
    - Nephila clavata (棒络新妇)
兴奋剂
- Anabaseine
  - Aphaenogaster (盘腹蚁属)
- 地棘蛙素 (Epibatidine)
  - Epipedobates anthonyi (幽灵箭毒蛙)
- 毒蛛毒素 (Latrotoxin) (乙酰胆碱释放)
  - Latrodectus (黑寡妇或褐寡妇蜘蛛)
- 毒蛛毒素 (Latrotoxin) (去甲肾上腺素释放)
  - Latrodectus (黑寡妇或褐寡妇蜘蛛)
- 苯乙胺
  - Homo sapiens (人类)
- Hydroxychavicol
  - 人类 (代谢黄樟素后，Hydroxychavicol 会在人体内引起刺激。)
抑制剂
- GABA能药物
  - 毒蛛毒素 (Latrotoxin)
    - Latrodectus (黑寡妇或褐寡妇蜘蛛)
- 阿片类药物
  - Deltorphins, 和 dermorphin
    - Phyllomedusa bicolor 分泌物 (kambo)
非典型
- Apis (蜜蜂)
  - 含有精神活性物质的蜂蜜
- 致幻鱼
  - 未知成分
- Homo sapiens (人类)
  - 合成精神活性物质
  - 含有精神活性物质的尿液
病原体
致幻剂
- 赛洛西宾
  - Massospora cicadina[117]
解离剂
- 氯胺酮
  - Pochonia chlamydosporia[118]
无生命来源
解离剂
- 氙气
  - 地球大气层
  - 木星大气层[119]
- 氧化亚氮
抑制剂
- 乙醇
  - 外太空[120]
- 碳氢化合物
  - 苯[121]
    - 木星大气层[119]
    - 土星大气层[119]
    - 外太空[122]
    - 石油
  - 丁烷[123]
    - 天然气
    - 石油
  - 二氯甲烷
  - 乙烯
    - 外太空[124]
    - 石油
  - 己烷[123]
    - 石油
  - 异丁烷[123]
    - 石油
  - 丙烷[123]
    - 天然气
    - 石油
  - 丙烯
    - 外太空[125]
    - 石油
  - 甲苯[121]
    - 石油
  - 三氯甲烷 (氯仿)
  - 二甲苯[121]
    - 石油

外部链接

参考文献

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↑ Acacia baileyana - DMT-Nexus Wiki
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↑ Acacia burkittii - DMT-Nexus Wiki
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↑ Acacia confusa - DMT-Nexus Wiki
↑ Acacia courtii - DMT-Nexus Wiki
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↑ Acacia floribunda Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_floribunda
↑ Acacia floribunda - DMT-Nexus Wiki
↑ Acacia jibberdingensis wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_jibberdingensis
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↑ Acacia longifolia - DMT-Nexus Wiki
↑ Acacia maidenii Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_maidenii
↑ Acacia maidenii - DMT-Nexus Wiki
↑ Acacia neurophylla wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_neurophylla
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↑ Acacia obtusifolia - DMT-Nexus Wiki
↑ Acacia phlebophylla Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_phlebophylla
↑ Acacia phlebophylla - DMT-Nexus Wiki
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↑ 70.0 70.1 70.2 70.3 70.4 Meyler’s Side Effects of Drugs - 16th Edition
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↑ |Duboisia leichhardtii Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duboisia
↑ |Duboisia myoporoides Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duboisia_myoporoides
↑ Erythroxylum ecarinatum wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythroxylum_ecarinatum
↑ Erythroxylum ecarinatum, 2007
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↑ Seneme, E. F., dos Santos, D. C., Silva, E. M. R., Franco, Y. E. M., Longato, G. B. (2021). "Pharmacological and Therapeutic Potential of Myristicin: A Literature Review". Molecules. 26 (19). doi:10.3390/molecules26195914.
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↑ Seneme, E. F., dos Santos, D. C., Silva, E. M. R., Franco, Y. E. M., Longato, G. B. (2021). "Pharmacological and Therapeutic Potential of Myristicin: A Literature Review". Molecules. 26 (19). doi:10.3390/molecules26195914.
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↑ Lolli, L. F., Sato, C. M., Romanini, C. V., Villas-Boas, L. D. B., Santos, C. A. M., Oliveira, R. M. W. de (May 2007). "Possible involvement of GABAA-benzodiazepine receptor in the anxiolytic-like effect induced by Passiflora actinia extracts in mice". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 111 (2): 308–314. doi:[1