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焦虑

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焦虑在医学上被认定为经历忧虑、担心和普遍不安的消极感觉哦[1][2]。这些感觉的范围可以从细微且容易被忽略的，到强烈且压倒性得足以引发恐慌发作或厄运感呢。焦虑通常伴随着紧张的行为，比如刺激、坐立不安、注意力难以集中、易怒和肌肉紧张[3]。精神活性物质引发的焦虑可能是药物本身无法避免的效应，也可能是因为对该物质或其强度缺乏经验，或者是对原有心理状态的强化，或者是经历了负面的幻觉造成的。预感到的危险焦点可能来自内部，也可能来自外部哦。

焦虑通常伴随着其他效应，比如抑郁和易怒呢。它最常在中等剂量的致幻化合物影响下被诱发，比如大麻类[4]、迷幻剂[5]、解离剂和谵妄剂[6]。不过嘛，它也可能在GABA能抑制剂的戒断症状期间[7]以及兴奋剂药效消退时出现[8]。

如果你感到焦虑，你可能想读读焦虑抑制这个效应呢。另外，如果焦虑严重影响了长时间的幸福感，强烈建议寻求医疗关注和/或支持小组的帮助哦。

分析

恐惧不是焦虑哟[2][3][9][10][11][12]。恐惧是对眼前威胁的反应，而焦虑是一组试图减轻感知道的未来威胁的行为。焦虑症是一种非典型的适应不良行为的学习。虽然有大量证据表明焦虑症涉及遗传和早期环境因素，但焦虑的想法和行为模式的练习也会进一步加强相关的神经通路。讽刺的是，试图回避引发焦虑的行为线索，反而会保护引发焦虑的神经通路不被熄灭呢。

恐惧和焦虑是防御性神经网络，涉及许多功能独特的枢纽[10][11][12][13]。虽然恐惧和焦虑在这些防御网络中有很大的重叠，但它们确实是不同的哦。通常杏仁核和终纹床核分别是恐惧和焦虑的焦点，但在指定这些作为主要中心时存在显著的问题。这些枢纽产生信号来修改适当的防御性神经通路，但它们不是引发主观体验的中心。身体的防御反应出现在感觉到威胁的意识觉知之前，出现在没有感觉到威胁的意识觉知时，以及针对饥饿等生存线索时。自动防御反应不一定是意识感觉，这意味着焦虑成为主观体验涉及不同的神经通路。

由于涉及的大脑系统非常广泛，肠道细菌的影响[14]，以及这些系统之间任何潜在的沟通故障，在临床医生背景之外描述焦虑的潜在神经解剖学并没有太大用处。但是，在焦虑个体中有特定的可观察倾向哦[11]：

  • 对威胁成本和可能性的估计过高
  • 增加的威胁关注和过度警觉
  • 受损的安全线索识别
  • 行为和认知回避
  • 对威胁不确定性的反应性增高

焦虑症是最常见的一类精神障碍；三分之一的人口在一生中都会受到焦虑症的影响[15]。一致发现女性的患病率是男性的两倍呢。患者可能会受这种疾病困扰数年到数十年，但这并不意味着它是永久性的哦。在稍微不同的焦虑症分类之间，以及焦虑症与其他精神障碍之间存在很高的重叠。重要的是要记住，焦虑的存在是一种正常的防御机制。当焦虑严重影响了长时间的功能性幸福感时，它就变成了焦虑症。

体验报告

在我们的体验报告中，描述了这种效应的轶事报告包括：

  • Experience: 22mg 2C-B (oral) / 100ug 1P-LSD (sublingual) - My first time tripping alone (2 days in a row)/_100ug_1P-LSD(sublingual)-_My_first_time_tripping_alone(2_days_in_a_row))
  • Experience: 660ug LSD - First bad trip
  • Experience: LSD (Unknown dosage) - My experiences with LSD and anorexia/bulemia_-_My_experiences_with_LSD_and_anorexia/bulemia)
  • Experience: Ritalin 110mg (oral))
  • Experience:100-350mg - Phenylpiracetam in daily life
  • Experience:120µg LSD - First Bad Acid Trip, Psychosis
  • Experience:150mg MDMA + 20mg 2C-B - I designed it this way myself
  • Experience:17mg 3-MeO-PCP & Cannabis oil - Terrifying confusion
  • Experience:1g Methiopropamine - Chasing the Chalky Dragon
  • Experience:2 grams Psilocybe Cubensis + 2.7 grams Syrian Rue - The Psilohuasca Albino Fox
  • Experience:2 x 150 LSD tabs
  • Experience:2.5g Peganum Harmala + 250µg LSD - Ecstasy of Love and Misanthropy
  • Experience:2.5g Syrian rue + 6g Mimosa Hostilis - Becoming God (my second experience with unity))
  • Experience:20mg - I looked up and saw an angry god-like figure made of clouds glaring down at me
  • Experience:250 seeds - Harsh body load
  • Experience:25mg Quetiapine - Nice buzz
  • Experience:26mg - I begged the shroom aliens to kill me
  • Experience:26mg - Stage 3 Trip
  • Experience:3 drops of cinnamon bark oil/ 5 drops of german chamomile oil/ 2mL of nutmeg oil in lecithin - experiments with nutmeg oil
  • Experience:3-MeO-PCP - Extreme psychosis
  • Experience:3.5g psilocybe cubensis - Relinquishing of Material Chains/Fear and Desolation
  • Experience:3g - I found god inside of myself
  • Experience:4 Days Sleep Deprivation - Progression of Sleep Deprivation Visuals Over Time
  • Experience:40mg DMT - Second breakthrough
  • Experience:45mg 2cc & 45mg 4-aco-dmt - Ego death and loneliness
  • Experience:50mg - How's the short-term memory?
  • Experience:535mg - My First DXM Trip
  • Experience:A combination of 25mg 4-AcO-DMT and unknown amount of 6-APB (benzofury))
  • Experience:DMT: 200mg 1/5 changa - Bad yet glorious trip
  • Experience:DPH (750 mg) - The Dancing Invisible Men Come to Life!_-_The_Dancing_Invisible_Men_Come_to_Life!)
  • Experience:DXM and Cannabis: 100mg - Unexpected Strong Trip
  • Experience:Datura Alcoholic Tincture
  • Experience:FMA (37.5 mg, oral) - Never been this productive in my life_-_Never_been_this_productive_in_my_life)
  • Experience:LSD (230 ug) - An amazing adventure by vikilikepsych_-_An_amazing_adventure_by_vikilikepsych)
  • Experience:Meditation with cannabis - terminated ego loss
  • Experience:Mushrooms (~0.5 g) - Autonomous Voice_-_Autonomous_Voice)
  • Experience:Nutmeg (8 teaspoons) - My Mom Introduces Me To Genesis and Other Things_-_My_Mom_Introduces_Me_To_Genesis_and_Other_Things)
  • Experience:Unknown Dosages: 1 psilocin chocolate, 1 hit LSD; Lawing the Mown
  • Experience:Unknown Dose DOC (Insufflated) - Overdosing and Terifying Ego Death_-_Overdosing_and_Terifying_Ego_Death)
  • Experience:Unknown dose - Supermarket dislocation and biking
  • Experience:Zopiclone hppd?

另见

外部链接

参考文献

  1. ↑ "Glossary of Technical Terms". Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.): 189–190. 2013. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.GlossaryofTechnicalTerms.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Anxiety or fear-related disorders". International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (11th ed.). 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Anxiety Disorders". Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.): 818. 2013. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm05.
  4. ↑ Crippa, José Alexandre; Zuardi, Antonio Waldo; Martín-Santos, Rocio; Bhattacharyya, Sagnik; Atakan, Zerrin; McGuire, Philip; Fusar-Poli, Paolo (2009). "Cannabis and anxiety: a critical review of the evidence". Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental. 24 (7): 515–523. doi:10.1002/hup.1048. ISSN 0885-6222.
  5. ↑ Wolbach, A. B.; Miner, E. J.; Isbell, Harris (1962). "Comparison of psilocin with psilocybin, mescaline and LSD-25". Psychopharmacologia. 3 (3): 219–223. doi:10.1007/BF00412109. ISSN 0033-3158.
  6. ↑ Datura effects (Erowid) | https://erowid.org/plants/datura/datura_effects.shtml
  7. ↑ "Rebound anxiety in anxious patients after abrupt withdrawal of benzodiazepine treatment". American Journal of Psychiatry. 141 (7): 848–852. 1984. doi:10.1176/ajp.141.7.848. ISSN 0002-953X.
  8. ↑ Williamson, S (1997). "Adverse effects of stimulant drugs in a community sample of drug users". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 44 (2-3): 87–94. doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(96)01324-5. ISSN 0376-8716.
  9. ↑ Barkus, Christopher; McHugh, Stephen B.; Sprengel, Rolf; Seeburg, Peter H.; Rawlins, J. Nicholas P.; Bannerman, David M. (2010). "Hippocampal NMDA receptors and anxiety: At the interface between cognition and emotion". European Journal of Pharmacology. 626 (1): 49–56. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.10.014. ISSN 0014-2999.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Tovote, P., Fadok, J. P., Lüthi, A. (June 2015). "Neuronal circuits for fear and anxiety". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 16 (6): 317–331. doi:10.1038/nrn3945. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Grupe, D. W., Nitschke, J. B. (July 2013). "Uncertainty and anticipation in anxiety: an integrated neurobiological and psychological perspective". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 14 (7): 488–501. doi:10.1038/nrn3524. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 LeDoux, J. E., Pine, D. S. (November 2016). "Using Neuroscience to Help Understand Fear and Anxiety: A Two-System Framework". American Journal of Psychiatry. 173 (11): 1083–1093. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16030353. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  13. ↑ Stahl, S. M. (2013). Stahl’s essential psychopharmacology: neuroscientific basis and practical application (4th ed ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107025981. CS1 maint: Extra text (link"))
  14. ↑ Foster, J. A., McVey Neufeld, K.-A. (May 2013). "Gut–brain axis: how the microbiome influences anxiety and depression". Trends in Neurosciences. 36 (5): 305–312. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2013.01.005. ISSN 0166-2236. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  15. ↑ Bandelow, B., Michaelis, S. (30 September 2015). "Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century". Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 17 (3): 327–335. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2015.17.3/bbandelow. ISSN 1958-5969. Retrieved 30 May 2022.