天然药物来源¶
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使用前请先研究安全性哦:下面这份植物、真菌、动物等清单虽然可能对各种目的有帮助,但也要注意,有些生物体还可能含有有毒物质(尤其是那些还没有条目的生物体),如果误食或处理不当,就可能带来潜在风险呢。在把这些生物体纳入家中或花园前,强烈建议先充分研究具体安全事项,并采取适当预防措施,尤其是在家里有儿童或宠物的情况下。更多信息可参见维基百科上的有毒动物、真菌、植物,以及致命真菌物种。 |
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| 《致幻植物》(金色指南)封面艺术图 |
**天然药物来源**指自然界中本来就存在的精神活性化学物质或其前体。这与人工在实验室中生产或设计的合成精神活性化合物、经人工真菌生物转化得到的精神活性物质,以及由转基因生物产生的精神活性物质与前体化学品相对。不过呢,这些天然化学物质往往也能通过合成方式再现,只是它们确实会在自然界中,或通过人类栽培而出现。
提出的起源¶
自然界中的生物体为什么会出现精神活性物质,有许多不同解释,其中包括下面这些例子哦:
选择育种¶
选择育种是栽培者使用的一种方法:他们会把具有理想特征的生物个体相互繁殖,以便在连续世代中加入或移除某些性状,并希望最终培育出想要的遗传品系。这可能同时促成了栽培者想要生产的精神活性物质的效力与外观。
防御机制¶
关于自然界中精神活性物质存在的另一个解释,是它们可能被用作防御机制。通过自然选择,生物体可能发展出某种毒物或毒素,用来抵御捕食者。比如寇蛛属蜘蛛所含的精神活性α-蛛毒素并没有奖赏价值,而是会对其他生物构成威胁。
奖赏共生¶
也有可能是共同演化鼓励了精神活性生物体的出现,使其成为传播自身的一种方式。也就是说,就像甜味果实会被动物传播种子而得到自然选择一样,某些能给动物带来某种益处的精神活性植物也可能因此被选择下来呢。
遗传相似性¶
这些物质普遍存在的一个偶然原因,是生物体之间共享的遗传起源。既然它们共享大量遗传代码,那么可以合理推测,这也许是它们产生与神经递质足够相似、从而能够激活受体位点的化学物质的因素之一。比如许多精神活性化学物质都是由色氨酸等氨基酸生物合成的,而在人类体内,色氨酸会被用于制造血清素。结果就是,自然界中的某些色胺类物质在摄入后会表现为血清素能受体激动剂。
历史意义¶
精神活性物质的使用深深扎根于人类文化,并可追溯到史前时期。早期社会常常把这些生物体纳入医学、灵性或娱乐传统之中,比如苏摩在印度教起源中的使用;其中许多用法也延续到了现代。常见例子包括基督教圣餐中使用含有酒精的葡萄酒,以及亚马孙原住民使用死藤水。
这些生物体对多个科学领域的发展都起到了重要作用,例如生物学、医学与精神探索等,并且仍在重大科学发现中持续展现其重要性。比如对大麻类受体的发现,就早于我们对内源性大麻素的了解。
如果不包括内源性化学物质,那么在现代合成精神活性物质出现之前,许多此类生物体曾是人类改变神经化学状态的唯一手段。它们也一直位于许多重大历史发展的前沿,例如药物治疗、组织犯罪的资金来源、20世纪60年代的迷幻剂时代,以及当前的“药物战争”。
示例¶
下面是关于精神活性物质天然来源的条目索引。除无生命来源外,它们按照生物界分类,并为每种适用的精神活性类别设置小节;再往下则列出活性成分,最后列出分类学名称与通用名称。如果某个名称含有多种物质,或其活性物质具有多种效应,它可能会出现不止一次。请注意哦,从某种生物体获得的物质量,在常见消费水平下并不总是安全或有效;它们列在这里主要是为了完整性。此外,有些生物体具有毒性或危险性,因此在尝试亲自研究其活性之前,建议做好适当研究与准备。
植物来源
¶
迷幻剂¶
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- Argyreia hookeri(胡克氏木玫瑰)
- Argyreia nervosa(夏威夷小木玫瑰)
- Argyreia osyrensis
- Stictocardia queenslandica(昆士兰木玫瑰)
- Ipomoea purpurea(紫花牵牛花)
- Ipomoea tricolor(三色牵牛)
- Ipomoea violacea(海滨月光花)
- Turbina corymbosa(奥洛柳基)
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Echinopsis lageniformis(玻利维亚火炬仙人掌)
- Echinopsis pachanoi(圣佩德罗仙人掌)
- Echinopsis peruviana(秘鲁火炬仙人掌)
- Echinopsis puquiensis
- Echinopsis santaensis
- Echinopsis schoenii
- Echinopsis scopulicola
- Echinopsis terscheckii
- Echinopsis uyupampensis
- Lophophora diffusa (翠冠玉)
- Lophophora echinata
- Lophophora fricii (银冠玉)
- Lophophora jourdaniana
- Lophophora williamsii(乌羽玉)
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N-甲基苯乙胺(NMPEA)
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Vachellia rigidula
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5-HO-DMT(蟾毒色胺)
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Anadenanthera colubrina(维尔卡)
- Anadenanthera peregrina
- Arundo donax(芦竹)
- Brosimum acutifolium
- Diplopterys cabrerana(查利蓬加)
- Mucuna pruriens
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Phalaris(虉草属)
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Anadenanthera colubrina(大果柯拉豆)
- Anadenanthera peregrina
- Arundo donax(芦竹)
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Delosperma(露子花属)
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Arundo donax(芦竹)
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Anadenanthera colubrina(维尔卡)
- Anadenanthera peregrina
- Delosperma(露子花属)
- Desmanthus illinoensis(伊利诺伊合欢)
- Desmodium gangeticum
- Diplopterys cabrerana(查利蓬加)
- Mimosa tenuiflora(茹雷马)
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Phalaris(虉草属)
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Phalaris aquatica(哈丁草)
- Phragmites australis(芦苇)
- Phyllodium pulchellum
- Psychotria viridis(查克鲁纳)
- Vachellia seyal(Acacia seyal)
- Virola elongata
- Virola sebifera
- 精神活性相思树属植物
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Acacia acuminata(覆盆子酱金合欢)
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*Acacia acuminata*窄叶叶柄变种(内陆酱金合欢)
- *Acacia acuminata*典型叶柄变种
- *Acacia acuminata*宽叶叶柄变种
- *Acacia acuminata*小种子叶柄变种
- Acacia baileyana(库塔曼德拉金合欢)
- Acacia burkittii(细叶酱金合欢)
- Acacia confusa(相思树)
- Acacia courtii(三兄弟金合欢)
- Acacia concurrens
- Acacia floribunda(薄纱金合欢)
- Acacia jibberdingensis
- Acacia longifolia(悉尼金合欢)
- Acacia maidenii(梅登氏金合欢)
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Acacia neurophylla
-
Acacia neurophylla var. neurophylla
- Acacia neurophylla var. erugata
- Acacia obtusifolia(钝叶金合欢)
- Acacia phlebophylla(布法罗山金合欢)
- Acacia prominens(金雨金合欢)
-
Acacia simplex
-
Banisteriopsis muricata
- Banisteriopsis caapi
- Alicia anisopetala(黑死藤水)
-
-
Tabernaemontana africana
- Tabernaemontana crassa
- Tabernaemontana pandacaqui
- Tabernaemontana undulata(Bëcchëte)
- Tabernanthe iboga(伊博格)
- Tabernanthe orientalis
- Tabernanthe pubescens
- Trachelospermum jasminoides
- Voacanga africana
解离剂¶
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-
阿枯阿米辛
-
Picralima nitida(阿枯阿玛)
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阿枯阿米定
-
Picralima nitida(阿枯阿玛)
-
Tabernaemontana
- Tabernaemontana pandacaqui
- Tabernaemontana undulata(Bëcchëte)
- Tabernanthe iboga(伊博格)
- Voacanga africana
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荆芥内酯
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Nepeta caesarea
- Nepeta cataria(猫薄荷)
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帕胡斯金A、B、C
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Dalea purpurea(紫色草原三叶草)
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- 墨西哥鼠尾草
- Salvia recognita(土耳其悬崖鼠尾草)
- Salvia glutinosa(木星鼠尾草)
- 苦参碱和氧化苦参碱
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Sophora flavescens
-
氯仿
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各类藻类
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霍奇金辛
-
Calycodendron milnei
- Psychotria colorata
- Psychotria lyciiflora
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夹竹桃科
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*Tabernaemontana*属
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Tabernaemontana pandacaqui
- Tabernaemontana undulata(Bëcchëte)
-
*Tabernanthe*属
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Tabernanthe iboga(伊博格)
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*Voacanga*属
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Voacanga africana
- 精神草啶
-
-
Psychotria beccarioides
- Psychotria colorata
- Psychotria forsteriana
- Psychotria lyciiflora
- Psychotria oleoides
-
钩藤碱
- Uncaria rhynchophylla(钩藤)
- Uncaria tomentosa(猫爪藤)
-
谵妄剂¶
毒蕈碱受体拮抗剂¶
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阔叶千里光碱
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Senecio adnatus
- Senecio hygrophylus
- Senecio platyphylloides
- Senecio platyphyllus
- Senecio rhombifolius
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*Atropa*属
- Atropa belladonna(颠茄)
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*Brugmansia*属
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Brugmansia arborea
- Brugmansia aurea
- Brugmansia insignis
- Brugmansia sanguinea
- Brugmansia suaveolens
- Brugmansia versicolor
- Brugmansia vulcanicola
-
Datura(天使号角)/曼陀罗
-
Datura ceratocaula
- Datura discolor(沙漠曼陀罗)
- Datura ferox
- Datura innoxia(托洛阿切)
- Datura leichhardtii(本土刺苹果)
- Datura metel(白色魔鬼号角)
- Datura stramonium
- Datura quercifolia
- Datura wrightii(神圣曼陀罗)
-
Duboisia(软木树)
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Duboisia hopwoodii
- Duboisia leichhardtii
- Duboisia myoporoides
-
古柯科
-
Erythroxylum australe
- Erythroxylum ecarinatum
- Erythroxylum cuneatum
- Erythroxylum vaccinifolium
- Erythroxylum zambesiacum
-
*Hyoscyamus*属
-
Hyoscyamus albus
- Hyoscyamus aureus
- Hyoscyamus boveanus
- Hyoscyamus desertorum
- Hyoscyamus niger(天仙子)
- Hyoscyamus muticus
- Hyoscyamus pusillus
- Hyoscyamus reticulatus
-
*Mandragora*属
-
Mandragora officinarum
-
Latua
-
Latua pubiflora
非典型/存疑¶
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Anethum graveolens(莳萝)
- Apium graveolens(芹菜)
- Apium nodiflorum(愚人水芹)
- Carum carvi(葛缕子)
- Daucus carota(胡萝卜)
- Ephedra sinica(麻黄)
- Foeniculum vulgare(茴香)
- Heracleum anisactis
- Heracleum pastinacifolium
- Myristica fragrans(肉豆蔻)
- Pastinaca sativa(欧防风)
- Perilla frutescens(紫苏)
-
没药醇萜类
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洋甘菊
-
辣椒素类
-
辣椒素
- *Capsicum*属
- 黄酮类
-
洋甘菊
-
梫木毒素
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*Rhododendron ponticum*花蜜(疯蜜)
-
喇叭茶醇
-
拉布拉多茶
- Rhododendron tomentosum
- Rhododendron groenlandicum
- Rhododendron neoglandulosum
大麻类¶
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烷基酰胺类
- Echinacea
-
石竹烯
-
Cannabis sativa
- Cannabis indica
- Cannabis ruderalis
- Humulus lupulus(啤酒花)
- Piper nigrum(黑胡椒)
- Rosmarinus oficinalis(迷迭香)
- Syzygium aromaticum(丁香)
-
儿茶素
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Camellia sinensis(茶)
-
植物大麻素
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大麻萜酚
-
Helichrysum umbraculigerum
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四氢大麻酚、大麻二酚、大麻萜酚等
-
- Cannabis sativa
- Cannabis indica
- Cannabis ruderalis
- 佩罗替烯
-
Radula complanata
- Radula laxiramea
- Radula marginata(Wairuakohu)
- Radula perrottetii(オオケビラゴケ)
-
杨格宁
-
Piper methysticum(卡瓦)
- *Ranunculus*属
抑制剂¶
-
-
7-羟基帽柱木碱
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阿枯阿米定
-
Picralima nitida(阿枯阿玛)
-
阿枯阿明
-
Picralima nitida(阿枯阿玛)
-
α,7α,7aα-荆芥内酯
-
Nepeta cataria
-
蓝果树宁、异蓝果树匹西辛、异蓝果树碱、蓝果树碱
-
Elaeocarpus fuscoides
-
大蓝果树碱A、B、C、D、E、F、G
-
Elaeocarpus grandis
-
哈苏巴南类生物碱
-
Stephania japonica
-
霍奇金辛
-
Calycodendron milnei
- Psychotria colorata
- Psychotria lyciiflora
-
异蓝果树匹林
-
Elaeocarpus grandis
-
莴苣鸦片
-
Lactuca virosa(野莴苣)
-
帽柱木碱
-
Papaver somniferum(鸦片罂粟)
-
荆芥内酯
-
Nepeta caesarea
- Nepeta cataria(猫薄荷)
-
Epipactis helleborine
-
帕胡斯金A、B、C
-
Dalea purpurea(紫色草原三叶草)
-
百里醌
-
Nigella sativa(黑葛缕子)
-
芹菜素
-
洋甘菊
- Turnera diffusa(达米阿那)
-
卡瓦内酯类
-
Piper methysticum(卡瓦)
-
月桂烯
- Cananga odorata(依兰树)
- Humulus lupulus(啤酒花)
- Petroselinum crispum(欧芹)
- Thymus serpyllum(野百里香)
-
缬草酸
-
Valeriana officinalis(缬草)
-
未知活性成分
-
Passiflora incarnata
- Passiflora actinia
-
兴奋剂¶
-
-
去甲伪麻黄碱
-
Catha edulis(巧茶)
-
Catha edulis(巧茶)
-
麻黄碱类
-
Ephedra sinica(麻黄)
-
胆碱能物质
-
槟榔碱
-
Areca catechu(槟榔)
-
Duboisia(软木树)
-
Duboisia hopwoodii
- Nicotiana(烟草)
-
Nicotiana acuminata
- Nicotiana africana
- Nicotiana alata
- Nicotiana attenuata
- Nicotiana benthamiana
- Nicotiana clevelandii
- Nicotiana excelsior
- Nicotiana glauca
- Nicotiana glutinosa
- Nicotiana langsdorffii
- Nicotiana longiflora
- Nicotiana occidentalis
- Nicotiana obtusifolia
- Nicotiana otophora
- Nicotiana plumbaginifolia
- Nicotiana quadrivalvis
- Nicotiana rustica
- Nicotiana suaveolens
- Nicotiana sylvestris
- Nicotiana quadrivalvis
- Nicotiana tabacum
- Nicotiana tomentosiformis
- N-甲基苯乙醇胺(盐穗木碱)
-
-
Halostachys belangeriana
-
古柯科
- Erythroxylum coca
- Erythroxylum novogranatense
- 美替洛定(类似可卡因的生物碱)
-
古柯科
- Erythroxylum australe
- 盐穗木碱
- 茶碱
- Erythroxylum australe
-
Cola acuminata
- Cola nitida
- Paullinia cupana(瓜拉纳)
- Ilex paraguariensis(巴拉圭冬青)
- Ilex vomitoria
-
- Coffea arabica
- Coffea robusta
- Cola acuminata
- Cola nitida
- Paullinia cupana(瓜拉纳)
- Ilex guayusa
- Ilex paraguariensis(巴拉圭冬青)
- Ilex vomitoria
- 苦茶碱
-
Theobroma grandiflorum(大花可可)
-
可可碱
-
Cola acuminata
- Cola nitida
- Theobroma cacao(可可树)
- Theobroma grandiflorum(大花可可)
- Paullinia cupana(瓜拉纳)
- Ilex paraguariensis(巴拉圭冬青)
- Ilex vomitoria
-
Pausinystalia johimbe(育亨宾树)
- Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco
-
调节剂¶
-
生物利用度调节剂
-
呋喃香豆素类
-
Citrus × paradisi(葡萄柚)
- Citrus maxima(柚)
-
胡椒碱
-
Piper longum(长胡椒)
- Piper nigrum(黑胡椒)
-
卡瓦内酯类
-
Piper methysticum(卡瓦)
-
月桂烯
-
Cananga odorata(依兰树)
- 大麻
- Humulus lupulus(啤酒花)
- Petroselinum crispum(欧芹)
- Thymus serpyllum(野百里香)
-
左旋多巴
-
Mucuna pruriens
-
非选择性MAO-A/MAO-B抑制剂
-
- Anethum graveolens(莳萝)
- Myristica fragrans(肉豆蔻)
- Pastinaca sativa(欧防风)
-
Petroselinum crispum(欧芹)
- 胡椒碱
-
Piper longum(长胡椒)
- Piper nigrum(黑胡椒)
-
- Hippophae rhamnoides
- Festuca arundinacea
- Lolium perenne
- Nectandra megapotamica
- Newbouldia laevis
- Ochrosia nakaiana
-
西番莲科
-
Passiflora actinia
- Passiflora alata
- Passiflora alba
- Passiflora bryonoides
- Passiflora caerulea
- Passiflora capsularis
- Passiflora decaisneana
- Passiflora edulis
- Passiflora eichleriana
- Passiflora foetida
- Passiflora incarnata
- Passiflora quadrangularis
- Passiflora ruberosa
- Passiflora warmingii
- Peganum nigellastrum
-
Strychnos usambarensis
- 骆驼蓬碱
-
Peganum harmala(叙利亚骆驼蓬)
- Passiflora incarnata
- 选择性MAO-A抑制剂
-
大麦芽碱
-
姜黄素
-
Curcuma longa(姜黄)
-
单胺再摄取抑制剂
-
金丝桃素
-
Hypericum perforatum(贯叶连翘)
-
古柯科(古柯)
-
血清素再摄取抑制剂
-
美生布林、美生布酮
-
Sceletium tortuosum(坎纳)
-
去甲伊博格碱
-
Tabernanthe iboga(伊博格)
-
藏红花醛
-
Achillea distans
- Calycopteris floribunda
- Centaurea amanicola
- Centaurea consanguinea
- Centaurea sibthorpii
- Crocus heuffelianus
- Crocus sativus(藏红花)
- Erodium cicutarium
- Sambucus nigra
-
四氢骆驼蓬碱
-
Banisteriopsis caapi
-
促梦剂¶
-
胆碱能物质
-
Galanthus caucasicus(高加索雪花莲)
- Galanthus nivalis(普通雪花莲)
- Galanthus woronowii(沃罗诺夫雪花莲)
- Leucojum aestivum(夏雪片莲)
- Lycoris radiata(红花石蒜)
- *Narcissus*属(黄水仙)
前体¶
-
-
Stipa robusta(睡草)
-
Papaver somniferum(鸦片罂粟)
-
茴香脑
-
Glycyrrhiza glabra(甘草)
- Paullinia cupana(瓜拉纳)
- Pimpinella anisum(茴芹)
- Syzygium anisatum(旧称*Backhousia anisata*)
- Tagetes lucida
-
芹菜脑→DMMDA
-
Anethum graveolens(莳萝)
- Apium graveolens(芹菜)
- Foeniculum vulgare(茴香)
- Oenanthe aquatica
- Oenanthe crocata
- Petroselinum crispum(欧芹)
- Piper cubeba
- Peperomia pelucida
- Sassafras albidum
-
细辛脑(α、β、γ)→TMA-2
-
Acorus calamus(菖蒲)
-
卡帕辛
-
Carpano Tree(未知肉桂属物种)
- *Crowea*属
-
蒌叶酚
-
Piper betel
- Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus
-
肉桂醛
-
*Cinnamomum*属(肉桂)
- Cinnamomum cassia
- Cinnamomum osmophloeum
- Cinnamomum verum
- Cinnamomum wilsoni
- 克罗韦辛
-
Crowea saligna
- Crowea angustifolia var. angustifolia
- Ruta graveolens
-
埃克萨拉他辛(1-烯丙基-2,6-二甲氧基-3,4-亚甲二氧基苯)
-
Crowea exalata
- Crowea angustifolia var. angustifolia
-
榄香素
-
Backhousia myrtifolia
- Canarium luzonicum
- Lagarostrobos franklinii
- Melaleuca bracteata(仅某些化学型)
- Melaleuca squamophloia
-
丁香酚/甲基丁香酚
-
Anethum graveolens(莳萝)
- Apium graveolens(芹菜)
- Backhousia myrtifolia
- Cinnamomum tamala
- Cinnamomum wilsoni
- Lagarostrobos franklinii
- Laurus nobilis(月桂树)
- Illicium anisatum
- Melaleuca leucadendra
- Melissa officinalis(柠檬香蜂草)
- Ocimum basilicum(甜罗勒)
- Ocimum gratissimum(非洲罗勒)
- Ocimum tenuiflorum(同物异名:Ocimum sanctum,图尔西或圣罗勒)
- Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus(Cataia)
- Syzygium aromaticum(丁香)
- Tagetes lucida
- Zingiber officinale(姜)
-
异丁香酚
-
Cananga odorata
-
异甲基丁香酚
-
Melaleuca bracteata(仅某些化学型)
- Melaleuca leucadendra
- 伪异丁香酚(异丁香酚的异构体)
-
龙蒿脑(甲基胡椒酚)/胡椒酚
-
Artemisia dracunculus(龙蒿)
- Clausena anisata
- Foeniculum vulgare(茴香)
- Ocimum basilicum(罗勒)
- Piper betle(蒌叶)
- Pimpinella anisum(茴芹)
- Pimenta racemosa
- Syzygium anisatum
- Tagetes lucida
-
Anethum graveolens(莳萝)
- Bunium cylindricum
- Myristica fragrans(肉豆蔻)
- Pastinaca sativa(欧防风)
- Petroselinum crispum(欧芹)
-
假芹菜脑
-
Bunium bulbocastanum
- Carum nigrum
- Crowea angustifolia
- Perilla frutescens(紫苏)
- Pleurospermum angelicoides
-
原儿茶醛
-
Phellinus linteus(真菌)
-
Atherosperma moschatum
- Beilschmiedia obtusifolia
- Boronia safrolifera
- Cinnamomum baileyanum
- Cinnamomum burmannii
- Cinnamomum camphora(樟树)
- Cinnamomum iners
- Cinnamomum laubatii
- Cinnamomum mollissimum
- Cinnamomum oliveri
- Cinnamomum petrophilum
- Cinnamomum propinquum
- Cinnamomum virens
- Crowea exalata
- Daphnandra apatela
- Daphnandra johnsonii
- Daphnandra repandula
- Daphnandra tenuipes
- Doryphora aromatica
- Doryphora sassafras
- Eremophila longifolia(鸸鹋灌木)
- Juniper virginiana
- Ocotea cymbarum(巴西黄樟)
- Ocotea pretiosa
-
胡椒科
- Piper auritum(圣叶)
- Piper callosum
- Piper hispidinervum
- Piper nigrum(黑胡椒)
- Sassafras albidum(黄樟)
- Virola calophylla
- Zieria arborescens
- Zieria smithii
- 丁香醛
-
Pilosocereus pachycladus
真菌来源¶
迷幻剂¶
-
- Dictyonema huaorani
-
Dictyonema huaorani
- 橙黄鹅膏(微量)
-
5-HO-DMT(蟾毒色胺)
-
贝奥囊素
-
Psilocybe azurenscens(Stamets and Gartz 1995)
- Panaeolus cyanescens
- 古巴裸盖菇(Gartz 1994; Stijve and de Meijer 1993)
- Psilocybe cyanescens
- 墨西哥裸盖菇
- Psilocybe subaeruginosa
- Psilocybe semilanceata(Gartz 1994)
-
去甲贝奥囊素
-
Panaeolus cyanescens
- 古巴裸盖菇
- Psilocybe cyanescens
- 墨西哥裸盖菇
- Psilocybe subaeruginosa
-
Massospora platypediae(同物异名:Massospora aff. levispora)
- Psilocybe azurenscens(Stamets and Gartz 1995)
- Panaeolus cyanescens
- 古巴裸盖菇(Gartz 1994; Stijve and de Meijer 1993)
- Psilocybe cyanescens
- 墨西哥裸盖菇
- Psilocybe subaeruginosa
- Psilocybe semilanceata(Gartz 1994)
-
赛洛西宾
-
Dictyonema huaorani
- Massospora levispora
- Massospora platypediae(同物异名:Massospora aff. levispora)
- Psilocybe azurenscens(Stamets and Gartz 1995)
- Panaeolus cyanescens
- 古巴裸盖菇(Gartz 1994; Stijve and de Meijer 1993)
- Psilocybe cyanescens
- 墨西哥裸盖菇
- Psilocybe subaeruginosa
- Psilocybe semilanceata(Gartz 1994)
解离剂¶
大麻类¶
-
花生四烯乙醇胺
- Tuber melanosporum(黑松露)
抑制剂¶
兴奋剂¶
-
- Massospora cicadina
前体¶
动物来源¶
这些动物会产生毒液,用来防御捕食者。昆虫等无脊椎动物会通过螫刺或咬伤递送毒液;而青蛙和蟾蜍等脊椎动物则会被“挤取”分泌物,这些分泌物可能被抽吸(例如科罗拉多河蟾蜍),或烧入皮肤(例如坎博)。
迷幻剂¶
-
5-Br-DMT
谵妄剂¶
-
子弹蚁毒素
- Paraponera clavata(子弹蚁)
-
树突毒素7
-
*Dendroaspis*属(曼巴蛇)
解离剂¶
-
-
漏斗蛛毒素
-
Agelenopsis aperta(漏斗网蛛)
-
阿吉林毒素
-
Araneus gemma(猫脸蜘蛛)
- Argiope lobata
-
女郎蛛毒素
-
Nephila clavata(络新妇蛛)
-
兴奋剂¶
-
阿那巴辛
抑制剂¶
非典型¶
-
Apis(蜜蜂)
- 含精神活性物质的蜂蜜
-
致幻鱼类
-
未知成分
-
Homo sapiens(人类)
-
合成精神活性物质
- 含精神活性物质的尿液
病原体¶
迷幻剂¶
-
- Massospora cicadina
解离剂¶
-
- Pochonia chlamydosporia
无生命来源¶
解离剂¶
-
氙
- 地球大气
- 木星大气
- 氧化亚氮
抑制剂¶
-
- 外太空
-
烃类
-
苯
-
木星大气
- 土星大气
- 外太空
- 石油
-
丁烷
-
天然气
- 石油
- 二氯甲烷
-
乙烯
-
外太空
- 石油
-
己烷
-
石油
-
异丁烷
-
石油
-
丙烷
-
天然气
- 石油
-
丙烯
-
外太空
- 石油
-
甲苯
-
石油
- 三氯甲烷
-
二甲苯类
-
石油
外部链接¶
- 中文本草中的致幻植物(维基百科)
- 精神活性植物、真菌和动物列表(维基百科)
- 精神活性植物列表(维基百科)
- 迷幻剂与生态学(维基百科)
- Erowid药用草本库
- Erowid精神活性植物与真菌库
- 含有黄樟素的植物
- Wikimili的精神活性植物列表
-
按物种
- 赛洛西宾蘑菇(维基百科)
- 精神活性鹅膏菌蘑菇(维基百科)
- 精神活性仙人掌(维基百科)
-
按构成
- 天然存在的色胺类物质列表(维基百科)
-
按给药途径
参考文献¶
- ↑ Conner, J. K. (July 2003). "ARTIFICIAL SELECTION: A POWERFUL TOOL FOR ECOLOGISTS". Ecology. 84 (7): 1650–1660. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[1650:ASAPTF]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0012-9658.
- ↑ Steppuhn, A., Gase, K., Krock, B., Halitschke, R., Baldwin, I. T. (17 August 2004). "Nicotine's Defensive Function in Nature". PLOS Biology. 2 (8): e217. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020217. ISSN 1545-7885.
- ↑ Nesse, R. M. (April 2002). "Evolution And Addiction: Commentaries". Addiction. 97 (4): 470–471. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00086.x. ISSN 0965-2140.
- ↑ Devane, W. A., Dysarz, F. A., Johnson, M. R., Melvin, L. S., Howlett, A. C. (1 November 1988). "Determination and characterization of a cannabinoid receptor in rat brain". Molecular Pharmacology. 34 (5): 605–613. ISSN 0026-895X.
- ↑ The Discovery of the Endocannabinoid System. Springer Publishing Company. 13 January 2021. ISBN 9780826135636.
- ↑ Paulke, A., Kremer, C., Wunder, C., Wurglics, M., Schubert-Zsilavecz, M., Toennes, S. W. (April 2015). "Studies on the alkaloid composition of the Hawaiian Baby Woodrose Argyreia nervosa , a common legal high". Forensic Science International. 249: 281–293. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.02.011. ISSN 0379-0738.
- ↑ Chao JM, Der Marderosian AH (1973). "Ergoline alkaloidal constituents of Hawaiian baby wood rose, Argyreia nervosa (Burmf) Bojer". J. Pharm. Sci. 62 (4): 588–91. doi:10.1002/jps.2600620409.
- ↑ Argyreia osyrensis Wikipedia |
- ↑ Stictocardia queenslandica Wikipedia
- ↑ Charles Savage, Willis W. Harman and James Fadiman, Ipomoea purpurea: A Naturally Occurring Psychedelic
- ↑ Wilson, C. W. M. (20 December 2017). The Pharmacological and Epidemiological Aspects of Adolescent Drug Dependence: Proceedings of the Society for the Study of Addiction, London, 1 and 2 September 1966. Elsevier. ISBN 9781483186160.
- ↑ "Show Plant". phytochem.nal.usda.gov.
- ↑ "Ololiuqui (Rivea corymbosa) im GIFTPFLANZEN.COMpendium - giftpflanzen.com". www.giftpflanzen.com. Retrieved 2008-04-18.
- ↑ Ogunbodede, O., McCombs, D., Trout, K., Daley, P., Terry, M. (September 2010). "New mescaline concentrations from 14 taxa/cultivars of Echinopsis spp. (Cactaceae) ("San Pedro") and their relevance to shamanic practice". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 131 (2): 356–362. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2010.07.021. ISSN 0378-8741.
- ↑ Alkaloid content in relation to ethnobotanical use of Trichocereus pachanoi and related taxa | http://gradworks.umi.com/14/78/1478388.html
- ↑ Pardanani, J. H., McLaughlin, J. L., Kondrat, R. W., Cooks, R. G. (December 1977). "Cactus alkaloids. XXXVI. Mescaline and related compounds from Trichocereus peruvianus". Lloydia. 40 (6): 585–590. ISSN 0024-5461.
- ↑ Reti, L., Castrillón, J. A. (April 1951). "Cactus Alkaloids. I. Trichocereus terscheckii (Parmentier) Britton and Rose". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 73 (4): 1767–1769. doi:10.1021/ja01148a097. ISSN 0002-7863.
- ↑ Erowid Cacti Vaults : Visionary Cactus Guide - Mescaline from Sawdust
- ↑ Lophophora diffusa – Trout’s Notes
- ↑ Gabermann, V. (February 1978). "[Estimation of mescaline and pellotine in Lophophora coulter plants (Cactaceae) by means of the oscillographic polarography]". Biokhimiia (Moscow, Russia). 43 (2): 246–251. ISSN 0320-9725.
- ↑ Lophophora williamsii analysis – Trout’s Notes
- ↑ Erowid Arundo donax Vaults : TIHKAL mention of Arundo donax
- ↑ Moretti C, Gaillard Y, Grenand P, Bévalot F, Prévosto JM (June 2006). "Identification of 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (bufotenine) in takini (Brosimumacutifolium Huber subsp. acutifolium C.C. Berg, Moraceae), a shamanic potion used in the Guiana Plateau". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 106 (2): 198–202. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.12.022. PMID 16455218.
- ↑ Chamakura RP (1994). "Bufotenine—a hallucinogen in ancient snuff powders of South America and a drug of abuse on the streets of New York City". Forensic Sci Rev. 6 (1): 2–18.
- ↑ Erowid Phalaris Vault : FAQ 2.01
- ↑ Bufotenin - DMT-Nexus Wiki
- ↑ Ott, J. (1996). Pharmacotheon: Entheogenic Drugs, Their Plant Sources and History. Natural Products Company. ISBN 9780961423483.
- ↑ Tryptamine Carriers FAQ
- ↑ Duynisveld, G. W., Slominski, B. A., Wittenberg, K. M., Campbell, L. D. (1 October 1990). "ALKALOID CONTENT OF REED CANARYGRASS ( Phalaris arundinaceae L.) AS DETERMINED BY GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY". Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 70 (4): 1097–1103. doi:10.4141/cjps90-132. ISSN 0008-4220.
- ↑ http://actachemscand.org/pdf/acta_vol_23_p0903-0916.pdf
- ↑ Hegnauer, R. (30 July 1996). Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen: Band XIb-1: Leguminosae Teil 2: Caesalpinioideae und Mimosoideae. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9783764351656.
- ↑ Ayahuasca Library > Ott 1998 - Pharmahuasca, Anahuasca and Vinho da Jurema, 2012
- ↑ Erowid Psychotria Vault: DMT Contents and Dosages
- ↑ Shulgin, A. T., Shulgin, A. (1997). Tihkal: the continuation. Transform. ISBN 9780963009692.
- ↑ List of psychoactive acacias wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Acacia_species_known_to_contain_psychoactive_alkaloids
- ↑ Acacia acuminata Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_acuminata
- ↑ Acacia acuminata - DMT-Nexus Wiki
- ↑ Acacia baileyana Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_baileyana
- ↑ Acacia baileyana - DMT-Nexus Wiki
- ↑ Acacia burkittii wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_burkittii
- ↑ Acacia burkittii - DMT-Nexus Wiki
- ↑ Acacia confusa Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_confusa
- ↑ Acacia confusa - DMT-Nexus Wiki
- ↑ Acacia courtii - DMT-Nexus Wiki
- ↑ Acacia concurrens Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_concurrens
- ↑ Acacia floribunda Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_floribunda
- ↑ Acacia floribunda - DMT-Nexus Wiki
- ↑ Acacia jibberdingensis wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_jibberdingensis
- ↑ Acacia longifolia Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_longifolia
- ↑ Acacia longifolia - DMT-Nexus Wiki
- ↑ Acacia maidenii Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_maidenii
- ↑ Acacia maidenii - DMT-Nexus Wiki
- ↑ Acacia neurophylla wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_neurophylla
- ↑ Acacia obtusifolia Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_obtusifolia
- ↑ Acacia obtusifolia - DMT-Nexus Wiki
- ↑ Acacia phlebophylla Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_phlebophylla
- ↑ Acacia phlebophylla - DMT-Nexus Wiki
- ↑ Acacia prominens Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_prominens
- ↑ Acacia simplex Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_simplex
- ↑ Koenig, X., Hilber, K. (29 January 2015). "The Anti-Addiction Drug Ibogaine and the Heart: A Delicate Relation". Molecules. 20 (2): 2208–2228. doi:10.3390/molecules20022208. ISSN 1420-3049.
- ↑ Alper, K. R. (2001). "The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology". Chapter 1 Ibogaine: A review. 56. Elsevier. pp. 1–38. doi:10.1016/S0099-9598(01)56005-8. ISBN 9780124695566.
- ↑ Jenks, C. (1 January 2002). "Extraction Studies of Tabernanthe Iboga and Voacanga Africana". Natural Product Letters. 16 (1): 71–76. doi:10.1080/1057563029001/4881. ISSN 1057-5634.
- ↑ Menzies, J. R., Paterson, S. J., Duwiejua, M., Corbett, A. D. (29 May 1998). "Opioid activity of alkaloids extracted from Picralima nitida (fam. Apocynaceae)". European Journal of Pharmacology. 350 (1): 101–108. doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(98)00232-5. ISSN 0014-2999.
- ↑ Aydin, S., Beis, R., Oztürk, Y., Baser, K. H., Baser, C. (July 1998). "Nepetalactone: a new opioid analgesic from Nepeta caesarea Boiss". The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 50 (7): 813–817. doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.1998.tb07145.x. ISSN 0022-3573.
- ↑ Eisenbraun, E. J., Browne, C. E., Irvin-Willis, R. L., McGurk, D. J., Eliel, E. L., Harris, D. L. (September 1980). "Structure and stereochemistry 4a.beta.,7.alpha.,7a.beta.-nepetalactone from Nepeta mussini and its relationship to the 4a.alpha.,7.alpha.,7a.alpha.- and 4a.alpha.,7.alpha.,7a.beta.-nepetalactones from N. cataria". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 45 (19): 3811–3814. doi:10.1021/jo01307a016. ISSN 0022-3263.
- ↑ Salvia divinorum drug profile
- ↑ Hatipoglu, S. D., Yalcinkaya, B., Akgoz, M., Ozturk, T., Goren, A. C., Topcu, G. (November 2017). "Screening of Hallucinogenic Compounds and Genomic Characterisation of 40 Anatolian Salvia Species". Phytochemical analysis: PCA. 28 (6): 541–549. doi:10.1002/pca.2703. ISSN 1099-1565.
- ↑ Borges, J. T., Sparrapan, R., Guimarães, J. R., Eberlin, M. N., Augusti, R. (2008). "Chloroform formation by chlorination of aqueous algae suspensions: online monitoring via membrane introduction mass spectrometry". Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society. 19: 950–955. doi:10.1590/S0103-50532008000500021. ISSN 0103-5053.
- ↑ Pomeroy, A. R., Raper, C. (April 1971). "Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: actions on muscarinic receptors in the guinea-pig ileum". British Journal of Pharmacology. 41 (4): 683–690. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1971.tb07076.x. ISSN 0007-1188.
- ↑ Meyler’s Side Effects of Drugs - 16th Edition
- ↑ Duboisia hopwoodii Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duboisia_hopwoodii
- ↑ |Duboisia leichhardtii Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duboisia
- ↑ |Duboisia myoporoides Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duboisia_myoporoides
- ↑ Erythroxylum ecarinatum wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythroxylum_ecarinatum
- ↑ Erythroxylum ecarinatum, 2007
- ↑ Erythroxylum vaccinifolium wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythroxylum_vaccinifolium
- ↑ Seneme, E. F., dos Santos, D. C., Silva, E. M. R., Franco, Y. E. M., Longato, G. B. (2021). "Pharmacological and Therapeutic Potential of Myristicin: A Literature Review". Molecules. 26 (19). doi:10.3390/molecules26195914.
- ↑ Seneme, E. F., dos Santos, D. C., Silva, E. M. R., Franco, Y. E. M., Longato, G. B. (2021). "Pharmacological and Therapeutic Potential of Myristicin: A Literature Review". Molecules. 26 (19). doi:10.3390/molecules26195914.
- ↑ Seneme, E. F., dos Santos, D. C., Silva, E. M. R., Franco, Y. E. M., Longato, G. B. (2021). "Pharmacological and Therapeutic Potential of Myristicin: A Literature Review". Molecules. 26 (19). doi:10.3390/molecules26195914.
- ↑ Jansen, S. A., Kleerekooper, I., Hofman, Z. L. M., Kappen, I. F. P. M., Stary-Weinzinger, A., Heyden, M. A. G. van der (September 2012). "Grayanotoxin Poisoning: 'Mad Honey Disease' and Beyond". Cardiovascular Toxicology. 12 (3): 208–215. doi:10.1007/s12012-012-9162-2. ISSN 1530-7905.
- ↑ Luger, D., Poli, G., Wieder, M., Stadler, M., Ke, S., Ernst, M., Hohaus, A., Linder, T., Seidel, T., Langer, T., Khom, S., Hering, S. (November 2015). "Identification of the putative binding pocket of valerenic acid on GABAA receptors using docking studies and site-directed mutagenesis". British Journal of Pharmacology. 172 (22): 5403–5413. doi:10.1111/bph.13329. ISSN 1476-5381.
- ↑ Grundmann, O., Wang, J., McGregor, G. P., Butterweck, V. (December 2008). "Anxiolytic Activity of a Phytochemically Characterized Passiflora incarnata Extract is Mediated via the GABAergic System". Planta Medica. 74 (15): 1769–1773. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1088322. ISSN 0032-0943.
- ↑ Lolli, L. F., Sato, C. M., Romanini, C. V., Villas-Boas, L. D. B., Santos, C. A. M., Oliveira, R. M. W. de (May 2007). "Possible involvement of GABAA-benzodiazepine receptor in the anxiolytic-like effect induced by Passiflora actinia extracts in mice". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 111 (2): 308–314. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2006.11.021. ISSN 0378-8741.
- ↑ Erythroxylum coca Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythroxylum_coca
- ↑ Erythroxylum novogranatense Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythroxylum_novogranatense
- ↑ Erowid Psychoactive Vaults : Australian Natural Highs FAQ
- ↑ Herraiz, T., Chaparro, C. (18 January 2006). "Human monoamine oxidase enzyme inhibition by coffee and β-carbolines norharman and harman isolated from coffee". Life Sciences. 78 (8): 795–802. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2005.05.074. ISSN 0024-3205.
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|title=at position 49 (help")) - ↑ Brophy, J. J., Craven, L. A., Doran, J. C. (2013). Melaleucas: their botany, essential oils and uses. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. ISBN 9781922137524.
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|title=at position 49 (help")) - ↑ Australian Safrole Containing Plants (2007) | http://ausaf.awardspace.info/#Cinnamomum_baileyanum
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- ↑ CINNAMOMUM OILS (INCLUDING CINNAMON AND CASSIA)
- ↑ Australian Safrole Containing Plants - oliveri, 2007
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