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宣泄（Catharsis，来自希腊语 katharsis）准确的定义是一种净化哦，但关于它的确切含义还没有达成实质性的共识呢。[1] 一般来说，这种效应是一种情感洞察的形式。[2][3][4][5][6] 这个过程通常开始时很难完全面对，有时伴随着强烈的身体感觉，通常会导致明显的 情绪强化、深刻的 内省 以及对个人性格和过去事件的 分析。[7] 在这种体验中，许多人描述说会重温创伤事件，目睹痛苦的记忆，拥有增强的心理意象，重温过去的经历，感受到普遍的痛苦感觉，以及释放以前被压抑的情绪。[4][6][7] 这种将冲突和创伤的表现整合到长期稳定记忆中的过程，经常被描述为感觉非常自然呢。

这种效应有助于帮助个体克服诸如 成瘾、[4][8] 创伤后应激障碍 (PTSD) 以及其他与遭受的过去创伤有关的个人痛苦。[9] 在这段经历结束后，大多数使用者报告说，在事件结束后的几天、几周甚至几年里，生活满意度、复原 感和 灵性增强 的感觉都有所增加哦。[6][10]

宣泄最常在 治疗环境 中，在 中等 剂量 的 迷幻 化合物影响下被诱发，如 LSD、赛洛西宾 和 麦斯卡林。[9][11][12][13][14][15] 然而，它也可能在 共情剂、解离剂[9][13][14] 和 冥想 的影响下在较小程度上发生。

目录

分析

宣泄在文化上占主导地位的定义——即释放负面情绪的压力——是由约瑟夫·布洛伊尔（Josef Breuer）和西格蒙德·弗洛伊德（Sigmund Freud）作为精神分析中的“液压模型”推广开来的，[16][17] 还有雅各布·伯奈斯（Jakob Bernays）在语言学中的“净化理论”。[1][18][19] 关于这些理论对愤怒情绪的不适用性存在大量讨论，表明表现出攻击性会产生更多的攻击性。[16][17][20][21] 攻击性研究对宣泄的适用性值得怀疑，特别是关于体验这种效应所需的安全性质。[22] 值得注意的是，弗洛伊德本人在实践中放弃了这个模型，转而支持自由联想的精神分析技术。[23]

体验报告

描述此效应的坊间报告可以在我们的 体验报告索引 中找到，包括：

  • 报告/psychounautwiki/Experience: 32mg 2C-B - Bromo Mescaline
  • 报告/psychounautwiki/Experience: 5-EAPB (60mg) + 2-FMA (20mg) + 4-AcO-DMT (10mg) - Emotional catharsis_%2B_2-FMA_(20mg)%2B_4-AcO-DMT(10mg)_-_Emotional_catharsis)
  • 报告/psychounautwiki/Experience:1g of stars and love
  • 报告/psychounautwiki/Experience:30mg 4-HO-MiPT - Positively groovy
  • 报告/psychounautwiki/Experience:Mushrooms (~0.5 g) - Autonomous Voice_-_Autonomous_Voice)
  • 报告/psychounautwiki/Experience:Mushrooms and Snuff Films -- Trip Report (3.5 grams))

另见

外部链接

参考文献

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Solbakk, J. H. (July 2006). "'Catharsis and moral therapy II: An Aristotelian account'". Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy. 9 (2): 141–153. doi:10.1007/s11019-005-8319-1. 
  2. ↑ Roseman, L., Nutt, D. J., Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2018). "Quality of Acute Psychedelic Experience Predicts Therapeutic Efficacy of Psilocybin for Treatment-Resistant Depression". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 8. ISSN 1663-9812. 
  3. ↑ Tesser, A., Leone, C., Clary, E. G. (September 1978). "Affect control: Process Constraints versus Catharsis". Cognitive Therapy and Research. 2 (3): 265–274. doi:10.1007/BF01185788. ISSN 0147-5916. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Winkelman, M. (July 2001). "Psychointegrators: Multidisciplinary Perspectives on the Therapeutic Effects of Hallucinogens". Complementary health practice review. 6 (3): 219–237. doi:10.1177/153321010100600304. ISSN 1533-2101. 
  5. ↑ Kaelen, M., Barrett, F. S., Roseman, L., Lorenz, R., Family, N., Bolstridge, M., Curran, H. V., Feilding, A., Nutt, D. J., Carhart-Harris, R. L. (October 2015). "LSD enhances the emotional response to music". Psychopharmacology. 232 (19): 3607–3614. doi:10.1007/s00213-015-4014-y. ISSN 0033-3158. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Gasser, P., Kirchner, K., Passie, T. (January 2015). "LSD-assisted psychotherapy for anxiety associated with a life-threatening disease: A qualitative study of acute and sustained subjective effects". Journal of Psychopharmacology. 29 (1): 57–68. doi:10.1177/0269881114555249. ISSN 0269-8811. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Belser, Alexander B.; Agin-Liebes, Gabrielle; Swift, T. Cody; Terrana, Sara; Devenot, Neşe; Friedman, Harris L.; Guss, Jeffrey; Bossis, Anthony; Ross, Stephen (2017). "Patient Experiences of Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis". Journal of Humanistic Psychology. 57 (4): 354–388. doi:10.1177/0022167817706884. ISSN 0022-1678. 
  8. ↑ Bogenschutz, M. P., Johnson, M. W. (January 2016). "Classic hallucinogens in the treatment of addictions". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 64: 250–258. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.03.002. ISSN 0278-5846. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Garcia-Romeu, A., Kersgaard, B., Addy, P. H. (August 2016). "Clinical applications of hallucinogens: A review". Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 24 (4): 229–268. doi:10.1037/pha0000084. ISSN 1936-2293. 
  10. ↑ Carbonaro, T. M., Bradstreet, M. P., Barrett, F. S., MacLean, K. A., Jesse, R., Johnson, M. W., Griffiths, R. R. (December 2016). "Survey study of challenging experiences after ingesting psilocybin mushrooms: Acute and enduring positive and negative consequences". Journal of Psychopharmacology. 30 (12): 1268–1278. doi:10.1177/0269881116662634. ISSN 0269-8811. 
  11. ↑ Winkelman, M. (September 1991). "Therapeutic Effects of Hallucinogens". Anthropology of Consciousness. 2 (3–4): 15–19. doi:10.1525/ac.1991.2.3-4.15. ISSN 1053-4202. 
  12. ↑ Hartogsohn, I. (2018). "The Meaning-Enhancing Properties of Psychedelics and Their Mediator Role in Psychedelic Therapy, Spirituality, and Creativity". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 12. ISSN 1662-453X. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Wolfson, P. E. (1 July 2014). "Psychedelic Experiential Pharmacology: Pioneering Clinical Explorations with Salvador Roquet (How I Came to All of This: Ketamine, Admixtures and Adjuvants, Don Juan and Carlos Castaneda Too): An Interview with Richard Yensen". International Journal of Transpersonal Studies. 33 (2): 160–174. doi:10.24972/ijts.2014.33.2.160. ISSN 1321-0122. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Kolp, E., Friedman, H. L., Krupitsky, E., Jansen, K., Sylvester, M., Young, M. S., Kolp, A. (1 July 2014). "Ketamine Psychedelic Psychotherapy: Focus on its Pharmacology, Phenomenology, and Clinical Applications". International Journal of Transpersonal Studies. 33 (2): 84–140. doi:10.24972/ijts.2014.33.2.84. ISSN 1321-0122. 
  15. ↑ Gasser, P., Holstein, D., Michel, Y., Doblin, R., Yazar-Klosinski, B., Passie, T., Brenneisen, R. (July 2014). "Safety and Efficacy of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide-Assisted Psychotherapy for Anxiety Associated With Life-threatening Diseases". Journal of Nervous \& Mental Disease. 202 (7): 513–520. doi:10.1097/NMD.0000000000000113. ISSN 0022-3018. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Bushman, B. J. (June 2002). "Does Venting Anger Feed or Extinguish the Flame? Catharsis, Rumination, Distraction, Anger, and Aggressive Responding". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 28 (6): 724–731. doi:10.1177/0146167202289002. ISSN 0146-1672. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Bohart, A. C. (1980). "Toward a cognitive theory of catharsis". Psychotherapy: Theory, Research \& Practice. 17 (2): 192–201. doi:10.1037/h0085911. ISSN 0033-3204. 
  18. ↑ Golden, L. (1973). "The Purgation Theory of Catharsis". The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 31 (4): 473. doi:10.2307/429320. ISSN 0021-8529. 
  19. ↑ Porter, J. I. (1 June 2015). "Tragedy and the Idea of Modernity". In Billings, J., Leonard, M. Jacob Bernays and the Catharsis of Modernity. Oxford University Press. pp. 14–41. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198727798.003.0002. ISBN 9780198727798. 
  20. ↑ Bushman, B. J., Baumeister, R. F., Stack, A. D. (1999). "Catharsis, aggression, and persuasive influence: Self-fulfilling or self-defeating prophecies?". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 76 (3): 367–376. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.3.367. ISSN 1939-1315. 
  21. ↑ Bushman, B. J., Baumeister, R. F., Phillips, C. M. (2001). "Do people aggress to improve their mood? Catharsis beliefs, affect regulation opportunity, and aggressive responding". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 81 (1): 17–32. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.1.17. ISSN 1939-1315. 
  22. ↑ Geen, R. G., Quanty, M. B. (1977). "Advances in Experimental Social Psychology". The Catharsis of Aggression: An Evaluation of a Hypothesis. 10. Elsevier. pp. 1–37. doi:10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60353-6. ISBN 9780120152100. 
  23. ↑ Nichols, M. P., Efran, J. S. (1985). "Catharsis in psychotherapy: A new perspective". Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training. 22 (1): 46–58. doi:10.1037/h0088525. ISSN 1939-1536.