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成瘾抑制

成瘾抑制是指体验到对特定物质的心理成瘾及其相关渴望的完全或部分抑制哦。这种效应既可以在诱发它的化合物药效消退后持续很长时间,也可能仅在化合物仍起作用时持续呢。

成瘾抑制是一种罕见的效应,最常与迷幻剂[1] 赛洛辛(Psilocin)、[2] LSD[3] 伊博格碱(Ibogaine)[4] 以及N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)[5]有关。

目录

分析

就迷幻剂而言,这种效应似乎主要是由心理上的自我反思触发的,这种反思可以通过多种效应的组合表现出来。这些主要包括分析能力增强(analysis enhancement)、个人偏见抑制(personal bias suppression)和内省(introspection)。在迷幻剂影响下,这种体验发生的强度和有效性是不可预测的,取决于多种因素,如剂量情境精神状态以及改变的总体意愿呢。

相比之下,N-乙酰半胱氨酸和少数其他化合物似乎以更直接和一致的方式抑制成瘾感。这被认为是由于它们对谷氨酸多巴胺通路的作用,这可能会逆转因严重药物成瘾而受到干扰的大脑功能哦。[5][6][7] 这种机制已被证明可以缓解那些与强迫性加药(compulsive redosing)、奖励行为和心理渴望作斗争的人的痛苦,并且已被证明可以积极地逆转尼古丁成瘾、[8] 可卡因成瘾、[9] 大麻依赖[10] 以及许多其他强迫行为呢。[11] 不过值得注意的一点是,NAC的成瘾抑制特性通常只在人仍处于药物影响下时才会显现,似乎不会持续到那之后哦。

体验报告

在我们的体验索引中,描述此效应的轶事报告包括:

  • Experience:1.5 Grams Psilocybe Cubensis
  • Experience:2mg Etizolam - Here be dragons
  • Experience:Mushrooms and Snuff Films -- Trip Report (3.5 grams).md)

另见

外部链接

参考文献

  1. Nichols, D. E. (2016). "Psychedelics". Pharmacological Reviews. 68 (2): 264–355. doi:10.1124/pr.115.011478. ISSN 1521-0081
  2. Johnson, Matthew W; Garcia-Romeu, Albert; Cosimano, Mary P; Griffiths, Roland R (2014). "Pilot study of the 5-HT2AR agonist psilocybin in the treatment of tobacco addiction". Journal of Psychopharmacology. 28 (11): 983–992. doi:10.1177/0269881114548296. ISSN 0269-8811
  3. Krebs, Teri S; Johansen, Pål-Ørjan (2012). "Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) for alcoholism: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Journal of Psychopharmacology. 26 (7): 994–1002. doi:10.1177/0269881112439253. ISSN 0269-8811
  4. Brown, Thomas (2013). "Ibogaine in the Treatment of Substance Dependence". Current Drug Abuse Reviews. 6 (1): 3–16. doi:10.2174/15672050113109990001. ISSN 1874-4737
  5. 5.0 5.1 Moran, M. M. (2005). "Cystine/Glutamate Exchange Regulates Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Presynaptic Inhibition of Excitatory Transmission and Vulnerability to Cocaine Seeking". Journal of Neuroscience. 25 (27): 6389–6393. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1007-05.2005. ISSN 0270-6474
  6. Pettorruso, Mauro; De Risio, Luisa; Martinotti, Giovanni; Di Nicola, Marco; Ruggeri, Filippo; Conte, Gianluigi; Di Giannantonio, Massimo; Janiri, Luigi (2014). "Targeting the Glutamatergic System to Treat Pathological Gambling: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives". BioMed Research International. 2014: 1–11. doi:10.1155/2014/109786. ISSN 2314-6133
  7. Reissner, Kathryn J.; Kalivas, Peter W. (2010). "Using glutamate homeostasis as a target for treating addictive disorders". Behavioural Pharmacology. 21 (5-6): 514–522. doi:10.1097/FBP.0b013e32833d41b2. ISSN 0955-8810
  8. Knackstedt, Lori A.; LaRowe, Steven; Mardikian, Pascale; Malcolm, Robert; Upadhyaya, Himanshu; Hedden, Sarra; Markou, Athina; Kalivas, Peter W. (2009). "The Role of Cystine-Glutamate Exchange in Nicotine Dependence in Rats and Humans". Biological Psychiatry. 65 (10): 841–845. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.10.040. ISSN 0006-3223
  9. LaRowe, Steven D.; Mardikian, Pascale; Malcolm, Robert; Myrick, Hugh; Kalivas, Peter; McFarland, Krista; Saladin, Michael; McRae, Aimee; Brady, Kathleen (2006). "Safety and Tolerability of N-Acetylcysteine in Cocaine-Dependent Individuals". American Journal on Addictions. 15 (1): 105–110. doi:10.1080/10550490500419169. ISSN 1055-0496
  10. Gray, Kevin M.; Watson, Noreen L.; Carpenter, Matthew J.; LaRowe, Steven D. (2010). "N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) in Young Marijuana Users: An Open-Label Pilot Study". The American Journal on Addictions. 19 (2): 187–189. doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2009.00027.x. ISSN 1055-0496
  11. Kalivas, Peter W.; LaLumiere, Ryan T.; Knackstedt, Lori; Shen, Haowei (2009). "Glutamate transmission in addiction". Neuropharmacology. 56: 169–173. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.07.011. ISSN 0028-3908.