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前药列表

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另见：天然药物来源 § 前体

Commons-emblem-notice.svg 请不要把前体添加到本页里哦，而是添加到前体列表呢。

**前药**是一类化合物，在经过给药后，会被代谢（也就是在体内转化）为具有药理活性的物质。[1] 无活性前药则是指那些在药理学上没有活性、但会在体内代谢为活性形式的化合物。与其直接给药某种药物，有时会改用其对应的前药，以改善药物的吸收、分布、代谢和排泄（ADME）特性呢。

当前药本身从胃肠道吸收较差时，人们常会专门设计前药来提高其生物利用度哦。前药也可以用来提高药物与其目标细胞或生理过程相互作用时的选择性，从而减少药物带来的不良或非预期效应嘛。

前药在由无活性物质转化为活性物质的过程中，可能会受到某个限速步骤的限制；在这种情况下，增加的通常只是作用持续时间，而不是作用强度呢。此外，与其非前药形式相比，前药还可能在药代动力学因素（也就是一种物质如何被吸收、分布、代谢和排泄）方面表现出其他差异哦。

作为前药发挥作用的娱乐性精神活性物质，包括GBL（GHB的前药）、赛洛西宾（赛洛辛的前药）、ALD-52（LSD的前药）等呢。

目录

列表 --

抑制剂

致幻剂

大麻类

  • THC（11-羟基-THC的前药，这是人体内的主要代谢产物）
  • THC-O-乙酸酯（THC的前药）
  • THC-O-磷酸酯（THC的前药）
  • 11-羟基-THC（11-去甲-9-羧基-THC的前药，这是人体内的次级代谢产物）

谵妄剂

解离剂

  • 右美沙芬（右啡烷的前药，且本身也具有活性）
  • 氯胺酮（去甲氯胺酮的前药）

迷幻剂

益智药

兴奋剂

杂项

  • 5-MT（蟾毒色胺的前药）
  • 依托哌酮（mCPP的前药）
  • 褪黑素（5-MT的前药）
  • 纳洛酮（α-纳洛醇的前药）
  • 萘法唑酮（mCPP的前药）
  • 利培酮（帕利哌酮的前药）
  • 舍曲林（去甲舍曲林（DMS）的前药）
  • 曲唑酮（mCPP的前药）
  • 司来吉兰（左甲基苯丙胺的前药）

常见误解

兴奋剂

另见 --

  • 人体内源性化合物列表

外部链接

参考文献

  1. ↑ C. G. Wermuth, C. R. Ganellin, P. Lindberg, L. A. Mitscher; Ganellin; Lindberg; Mitscher (1998). "Glossary of terms used in medicinal chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1998)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 70 (5): 1129. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199870051129
  2. ↑ Arbaclofen placarbil, a novel R-baclofen prodrug: improved absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination properties compared with R-baclofen. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19502531
  3. ↑ The advantages of benzonal as an inducer of the liver mono-oxygenase enzyme system compared to phenobarbital. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1305441
  4. ↑ Benzonal metabolism in guinea pigs. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2792358
  5. ↑ Deposition of diazepam and its metabolites in hair following a single dose of diazepam. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27534563
  6. ↑ Biotransformation and pharmacokinetics of ethylmorphine after a single oral dose. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7654478
  7. ↑ https://erowid.org/archive/rhodium/chemistry/ghb.html#GHV
  8. ↑ Sawynok J (January 1986). "The therapeutic use of heroin: a review of the pharmacological literature". Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 64 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1139/y86-001. PMID 2420426.
  9. ↑ Morphine: pharmacokinetics and clinical practice. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2245160
  10. ↑ Development of a sensitive method for the determination of oxycodone and its major metabolites noroxycodone and oxymorphone in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26655109
  11. ↑ The excretion of pethidine and its derivatives (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1703639/
  12. ↑ <https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/826660/
  13. ↑ <https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/826660
  14. ↑ Metabolic profile of oxazepam and related benzodiazepines: clinical and forensic aspects. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28903606
  15. ↑ Recent Advances in Anaesthesia and Intensive Care | https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ei1edut0AqAC&pg=PA42&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
  16. ↑ Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19515014
  17. ↑ https://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/pihkal/pihkal062.shtml
  18. ↑ Effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and its main metabolites on cardiovascular function in conscious rats (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3874698/
  19. ↑ Short-term effects of 2,4,5-trihydroxyamphetamine, 2,4,5-trihydroxymethamphetamine and 3,4-dihydroxymethamphetamine on central tryptophan hydroxylase activity. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8496826
  20. ↑ Major and minor metabolites of cocaine in human plasma following controlled subcutaneous cocaine administration. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17132243
  21. ↑ (S)-(-)-Cotinine, the major brain metabolite of nicotine, stimulates nicotinic receptors to evoke [3H]dopamine release from rat striatal slices in a calcium-dependent manner. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10027825
  22. ↑ Active drug metabolites. An overview of their relevance in clinical pharmacokinetics. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2861928
  23. ↑ Metabolites of naloxone in human urine. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5129377
  24. ↑ Atypical Psychotropic Agents | https://books.google.at/books?id=KfHEDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA460&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
  25. ↑ Comparative Pharmacology of Risperidone and Paliperidone. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2861928
  26. ↑ Engberg, G. O. R. A. N., Elebring, T. H. O. M. A. S., & Nissbrandt, H. (1991). Deprenyl (selegiline), a selective MAO-B inhibitor with active metabolites; effects on locomotor activity, dopaminergic neurotransmission and firing rate of nigral dopamine neurons. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 259(2), 841-847.
  27. ↑ Determination of aminorex in human urine samples by GC-MS after use of levamisole. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21531521