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记忆增强

记忆增强被定义为一个人回忆或保留记忆的能力得到改善[1][2][3][4]。体验这种效应可以让一个人比日常清醒生活更容易地访问和回忆过去的记忆，并且细节程度更高。它还可以帮助人们记住新信息，这样一来，一旦不再受精神活性物质影响，这些信息就可以更容易地被回忆起来呢。

记忆增强通常伴随着其他同时发生的效应，如分析增强和思维加速。它最常见于在中等剂量的兴奋剂和益智药类化合物的影响下诱发，例如哌甲酯[5]、咖啡因[3]、Noopept[6]、尼古丁[7]和莫达菲尼[8]。

内容

类型

不同的物质可以增强不同类型的记忆，并且会有一些相当大的重叠。一般来说，有三种类型哦：

  • 长期记忆： 巨大的知识库和以前事件的记录[9]。
  • 短期记忆： 人类思维的能力，可以暂时将有限数量的信息保持在非常容易访问的状态[9][10][11]。
  • 工作记忆： 用于计划和执行行为的信息。它与短期记忆并非完全不同，通常被视为多个协同工作的组件的组合。研究发现，工作记忆的衡量标准与智力（尤其是流体智力）的相关性比短期记忆的衡量标准更好，实际上，可能比任何其他特定心理过程的衡量标准都要好呢。必须同时进行存储和处理才能评估工作记忆容量，这与认知能力有关[9][10][11][12][13]。

体验报告

在我们的主观效应索引中，描述此效应的轶事报告包括：

  • 报告/psychounautwiki/Experience:1000_Morning_Glory_seeds_-_Rediscovering_the_Self
  • 报告/psychounautwiki/Experience:A_combination_of_DOC,_5-MAPB,_5-MeO-DMT,_ETH-LAD,_Cannabis,_Pentedrone
  • 报告/psychounautwiki/Experience:Mushrooms_and_Snuff_Films_--Trip_Report(3.5_grams))

另见

外部链接

参考文献

  1. ↑ Mondadori, Cesare; Möbius, Hans-Jörg; Borkowski, Jürgen (1996). "The GABAB receptor antagonist CGP 36 742 and the nootropic oxiracetam facilitate the formation of long-term memory". Behavioural Brain Research. 77 (1-2): 223–225. doi:10.1016/0166-4328(95)00222-7. ISSN 0166-4328.
  2. ↑ Ilieva, Irena P.; Hook, Cayce J.; Farah, Martha J. (2015). "Prescription Stimulants' Effects on Healthy Inhibitory Control, Working Memory, and Episodic Memory: A Meta-analysis". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 27 (6): 1069–1089. doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00776. ISSN 0898-929X.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Borota, Daniel; Murray, Elizabeth; Keceli, Gizem; Chang, Allen; Watabe, Joseph M; Ly, Maria; Toscano, John P; Yassa, Michael A (2014). "Post-study caffeine administration enhances memory consolidation in humans". Nature Neuroscience. 17 (2): 201–203. doi:10.1038/nn.3623. ISSN 1097-6256.
  4. ↑ Morgan, Annette; Stevens, John (2010). "Does Bacopa monnieri Improve Memory Performance in Older Persons? Results of a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Trial". The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 16 (7): 753–759. doi:10.1089/acm.2009.0342. ISSN 1075-5535.
  5. ↑ Mehta, Mitul A.; Owen, Adrian M.; Sahakian, Barbara J.; Mavaddat, Nahal; Pickard, John D.; Robbins, Trevor W. (2000). "Methylphenidate Enhances Working Memory by Modulating Discrete Frontal and Parietal Lobe Regions in the Human Brain". The Journal of Neuroscience. 20 (6): RC65–RC65. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-06-j0004.2000. ISSN 0270-6474.
  6. ↑ Ostrovskaia, R. U., Gudasheva, T. A., Voronina, T. A., Seredenin, S. B. (October 2002). "[The original novel nootropic and neuroprotective agent noopept]". Eksperimental’naia I Klinicheskaia Farmakologiia. 65 (5): 66–72. ISSN 0869-2092.
  7. ↑ Heishman, Stephen J.; Kleykamp, Bethea A.; Singleton, Edward G. (2010). "Meta-analysis of the acute effects of nicotine and smoking on human performance". Psychopharmacology. 210 (4): 453–469. doi:10.1007/s00213-010-1848-1. ISSN 0033-3158.
  8. ↑ Müller, Ulrich; Steffenhagen, Nikolai; Regenthal, Ralf; Bublak, Peter (2004). "Effects of modafinil on working memory processes in humans". Psychopharmacology. 177 (1-2): 161–169. doi:10.1007/s00213-004-1926-3. ISSN 0033-3158.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Cowan, Nelson (2008). "Chapter 20 What are the differences between long-term, short-term, and working memory?". 169: 323–338. doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(07)00020-9. ISSN 0079-6123.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Engle, Randall W.; Tuholski, Stephen W.; Laughlin, James E.; Conway, Andrew R. A. (1999). "Working memory, short-term memory, and general fluid intelligence: A latent-variable approach". Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 128 (3): 309–331. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.128.3.309. ISSN 1939-2222.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Daneman, Meredyth; Merikle, Philip M. (1996). "Working memory and language comprehension: A meta-analysis". Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 3 (4): 422–433. doi:10.3758/BF03214546. ISSN 1069-9384.
  12. ↑ Daneman, Meredyth; Carpenter, Patricia A. (1980). "Individual differences in working memory and reading". Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 19 (4): 450–466. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(80)90312-6. ISSN 0022-5371.
  13. ↑ Kyllonen, Patrick C.; Christal, Raymond E. (1990). "Reasoning ability is (little more than) working-memory capacity?!". Intelligence. 14 (4): 389–433. doi:10.1016/S0160-2896(05)80012-1. ISSN 0160-2896.